{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T01:26:05Z","timestamp":1780536365643,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korea government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A5A8033794"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A5A8033794"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Panax ginseng fruit is known to have various biological effects owing to its large amount of saponins such as ginsenosides. In the present study, ginseng berry juice was confirmed to be effective against acute inflammation. Ginseng berry juice was used for analysis of active constituents, antioxidant efficacy, and in vivo inflammation. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for analysis of ginsenosides. In an HCl\/ethanol-induced acute gastric injury model, microscopic, immunofluorescent, and immunohistochemical techniques were used for analysis of inhibition of gastric injury and mechanism study. In a mouse model of acute gastritis induced with HCl\/ethanol, ginseng berry juice (GBJ, 250 mg\/kg) showed similar gastric injury inhibitory effects as cabbage water extract (CB, 500 mg\/kg, P.O). GBJ dose-dependently modulated the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-13 (IL-13). GBJ inhibited the activation of Nuclear Factor kappa bB (NF-\u03baB) and suppressed the expressions of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). The anti-inflammatory effect of GBJ is attributed to ginsenosides which have anti-inflammatory effects. Productivity as an effective food source for acute gastritis was analyzed and showed that GBJ was superior to CB. In addition, as a functional food for suppressing acute ulcerative symptoms, it was thought that the efficacy of gastric protection products would be higher if GBJ were produced in the form of juice rather than through various extraction methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T01:26:10Z","timestamp":1712021170000},"page":"1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Ginseng Berry Juice (GBJ) Regulates the Inflammation in Acute Ulcerative Mouse Models and the Major Bioactive Substances Are Ginsenosides Rb3, Rc, Rd, and Re"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Soon-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Yub","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1193-4891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gye-Yeop","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Sik","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3972-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dae-Hun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Oriental Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1497-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Sik","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedicine, Health and Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X02000648","article-title":"Anti-diabetic and anti-obese effects of ginseng berry extract: Comparison between intraperitoneal and oral administrations","volume":"30","author":"Dey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1851","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and the identification of an effective component","volume":"51","author":"Attele","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X21500336","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Korean Ginseng Berry Extract in LPS-Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages","volume":"49","author":"Byun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714554","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.714554","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenoside Rb3 in LPS-Induced Macrophages Through Direct Inhibition of TLR4 Signaling Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.W., Jung, S.Y., Choi, S.M., and Yang, E.J. (2012). Effects of ginsenoside Re on LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in BV2 microglial cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-196"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2018.07.007","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of ultrasonicated ginseng berry extract on a rat mild bile duct ligation model","volume":"43","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.02.007","article-title":"Whitening and inhibiting NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammation properties of the biotransformed green ginseng berry of new cultivar K1, ginsenoside Rg2 enriched, on B16 and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S590","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2007.00481.x","article-title":"American ginseng berry juice intake reduces blood glucose and body weight in ob\/ob mice","volume":"72","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"4388","article-title":"Ginseng berry aqueous extract prevents scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2016.01.004","article-title":"The involvement of ginseng berry extract in blood flow via regulation of blood coagulation in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, J.E., Jeon, S.H., Lee, S.J., and Choung, S.Y. (2022). The Administration of Panax ginseng Berry Extract Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Sarcopenic Obesity in C57BL\/6 Mice. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091747"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, S.Y., Park, D.H., Seo, S.W., Park, K.M., Bae, C.S., Son, H.S., Kim, H.G., Lee, J.H., Yoon, G., and Shim, J.H. (2019). Effects of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Panax ginseng Berry Extracts. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183343"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62749-7","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Effect of Curcuma longa and Allium hookeri Co-treatment via NF-\u03baB and COX-2 Pathways","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5142\/jgr.2013.37.1","article-title":"The world ginseng market and the ginseng (Korea)","volume":"37","author":"Baeg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.04.014","article-title":"Effect of polysaccharides from a Korean ginseng berry on the immunosenescence of aged mice","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.07.007","article-title":"Protective effect of ultrasonication-processed ginseng berry extract on the D-galactosamine\/lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury model in rats","volume":"42","author":"Nam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.02.009","article-title":"Vestibular function is associated with residual low-frequency hearing loss in patients with bi-allelic mutations in the SLC26A4 gene","volume":"335","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.06.011","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 and its metabolites ginsenoside Rh1 and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol in mice with TNBS-induced colitis","volume":"762","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1021\/jf5000776","article-title":"Anticarcinogenic Effects of Products of Heat-Processed Ginsenoside Re, a Major Constituent of Ginseng Berry, on Human Gastric Cancer Cells","volume":"62","author":"Jang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316527","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/316527","article-title":"Effect of Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Berry EtOAc Fraction on Cognitive Impairment in C57BL\/6 Mice under High-Fat Diet Inducement","volume":"2015","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. eCAM"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b00297","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re Ameliorates Brain Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Dysfunction in High Fat Diet-Induced C57BL\/6 Mice","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"87","article-title":"Review: Dietary phenolic compounds, health benefits and bioaccessibility","volume":"66","author":"Heiedia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2009.01.007","article-title":"Rye phenolics in nutrition and health","volume":"49","author":"Aura","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530318666180213113211","article-title":"Benefits of Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds in Disease Prevention","volume":"18","author":"Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-5-20","article-title":"Pharmacology of ginsenosides: A literature review","volume":"5","author":"Leung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.383","article-title":"Uptake and metabolism of ginsenoside Rh2 and its aglycon protopanaxadiol by Caco-2 cells","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.40.2458","article-title":"Studies on absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng saponins. VIII. Isotope labeling of ginsenoside Rb2","volume":"40","author":"Karikura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00317-3","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 from Panax notoginseng in rats","volume":"84","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00303.x","article-title":"Difference in oral absorption of ginsenoside Rg1 between in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"27","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-916211","article-title":"Oral absorption of ginsenoside Rb1 using in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"72","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-012-0807-2","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic activity of chlorogenic acid in different models of gastric ulcer","volume":"386","author":"Shimoyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-020-01928-9","article-title":"Gastric healing effect of p-coumaric acid isolated from Baccharis dracunculifolia DC on animal model","volume":"394","author":"Boeing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9595","DOI":"10.1021\/jf301372g","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re ameliorates inflammation by inhibiting the binding of lipopolysaccharide to TLR4 on macrophages","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X16500336","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rc from Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Attenuates Inflammatory Symptoms of Gastritis, Hepatitis and Arthritis","volume":"44","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.12.014","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rd attenuates the inflammatory response via modulating p38 and JNK signaling pathways in rats with TNBS-induced relapsing colitis","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032011000400011","article-title":"Evaluation of antiulcerogenic activity of aqueous extract of Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) on Wistar rat gastric ulceration","volume":"48","author":"Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/7\/1031\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:22:16Z","timestamp":1760106136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/7\/1031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16071031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16071031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]}}}