{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:55:27Z","timestamp":1789617327844,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, constitutes a metabolic disorder frequently associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Furthermore, women with PCOS often suffer from excessive anxiety and depression, elicited by low self-esteem due to obesity, acne, and hirsutism. These mood disorders are commonly associated with food cravings and binge eating. Hypothalamic signaling regulates appetite and satiety, deteriorating excessive food consumption. However, the hypothalamic function is incapable of compensating for surplus food in women with PCOS, leading to the aggravation of obesity and a vicious circle. Hyperandrogenism, IR, the reduced secretion of cholecystokinin postprandially, and leptin resistance defined by leptin receptors\u2019 knockout in the hypothalamus have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypothalamic dysfunction and appetite dysregulation. Diet modifications, exercise, and psychological and medical interventions have been applied to alleviate food disorders, interrupting the vicious circle. Cognitive\u2013behavioral intervention seems to be the mainstay of treatment, while the role of medical agents, such as GLP-1 analogs and naltrexone\/bupropion, has emerged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T11:01:41Z","timestamp":1712142101000},"page":"1049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Food Cravings and Obesity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Katerina","family":"Stefanaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios S.","family":"Karagiannakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Laiko General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melpomeni","family":"Peppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Sotiria Chest Disease Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andromachi","family":"Vryonidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0590-1575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Kalantaridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios G.","family":"Goulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Psaltopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0651-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavroula A.","family":"Paschou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.230","article-title":"PCOS in 2015: New insights into the genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Azziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw025","article-title":"The management of anovulatory infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: An analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance","volume":"22","author":"Balen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Updat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teede, H., Deeks, A., and Moran, L. (2010). Polycystic ovary syndrome: A complex condition with psychological, reproductive, and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-41"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12762","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"20","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy007","article-title":"Ethnicity, obesity and the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in PCOS: A systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"24","author":"Kakoly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JIM.0000446834.90599.5d","article-title":"Epidemiology and comorbidities of polycystic ovary syndrome in an indigent population","volume":"62","author":"Sirmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2111","article-title":"Increased epicardial fat thickness is related with body mass index in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Soydinc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006121410","article-title":"Reduced expression of insulin receptors in the kidneys of insulin-resistant rats","volume":"18","author":"Tiwari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03436-1","article-title":"Obesity and hyperandrogenism are implicated with anxiety, depression, and food cravings in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Stefanaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2019.07.008","article-title":"Psychiatric Disorders, Self-Esteem, and Quality of Life in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"32","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.11.010","article-title":"Binge eating behaviors and food cravings in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Jeanes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makhija, N., Tayade, S., Toshniwal, S., and Tilva, H. (2023). Clinico-Metabolic Profile in Lean Versus Obese Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Women. Cureus, 15.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37809"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Zhou, G., Zhou, F., Wu, Q., Ma, C., Zhang, Y., Ding, J., and Hua, K. (2022). Life Modifications and PCOS: Old Story But New Tales. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.808898"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.01.018","article-title":"Sex hormone-binding globulin, oligomenorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, and childhood insulin at age 14 years predict the metabolic syndrome and class III obesity at age 24 years","volume":"159","author":"Glueck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der102","article-title":"Clinical, ultrasound and biochemical features of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: Implications for diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Hickey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, J., Ch\u00e1vez, M., Olivar, L., Rojas, M., Morillo, J., Mej\u00edas, J., Calvo, M., and Berm\u00fadez, V. (2014). Polycystic ovary syndrome, insulin resistance, and obesity: Navigating the pathophysiologic labyrinth. Int. J. Reprod. Med., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/719050"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2695","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa285","article-title":"Obesity, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, and Infertility: A New Avenue for GLP-1 Receptor Agonists","volume":"105","author":"Cena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0825","article-title":"Diabetes: Have we got it all wrong?","volume":"35","author":"Corkey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2010.160","article-title":"MAPK signaling in cellular metabolism: Stress or wellness?","volume":"11","author":"Gehart","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.89","article-title":"Biochemical and cellular properties of insulin receptor signaling","volume":"19","author":"Haeusler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9047","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.12.9047","article-title":"The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase promotes insulin resistance during association with insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylation of Ser (307)","volume":"275","author":"Aguirre","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1644","article-title":"Adipose overexpression of desnutrin promotes fatty acid use and attenuates diet-induced obesity","volume":"58","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-011-9168-2","article-title":"Obesity-associated insulin resistance in skeletal muscle: Role of lipid accumulation and physical inactivity","volume":"12","author":"Eckardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Zhang, J., Cheng, X., Nie, X., and He, B. (2023). Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome across various tissues: An updated review of pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment. J. Ovarian Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-022-01091-0"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E83","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00545.2006","article-title":"Globular adiponectin resistance develops independently of impaired insulin-stimulated glucose transport in soleus muscle from high-fat-fed rats","volume":"293","author":"Mullen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4183\/aeb.2018.346","article-title":"Adiponectin as a Serum Marker of Adipose Tissue Dysfunction in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Correlation with Indicators of Metabolic Disturbances","volume":"14","author":"Atanasova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Endo"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.56","article-title":"Hepatokines: Linking nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance","volume":"13","author":"Meex","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-023-00487-x","article-title":"Hepatokines: The missing link in the development of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in PCOS?","volume":"22","author":"Stefanaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giannouli, A., Stefanaki, C., Kouskoutis, C., Konidari, M., Mani, I., Konidari, K., Markantonis, S.L., Mantzou, A., Dourakis, S.P., and Deligeoroglou, E. (2023). Hepatokine Profile in Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175744"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"5175","article-title":"Metabolic role of hepassocin in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Omma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.01.015","article-title":"Prospective association of physical activity and inflammatory biomarkers in older adults from the PREDIMED-Plus study with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Fuentes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96139","article-title":"Insulin resistance causes inflammation in adipose tissue","volume":"128","author":"Shimobayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, D., and Tal, R. (2016). Inositol Treatment and ART Outcomes in Women With PCOS. Int. J. Endocrinol., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1979654"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., and Qiao, J. (2022). Association of Insulin Resistance and Elevated Androgen Levels with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Review of Literature. J. Healthc. Eng., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9240569"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1666","article-title":"Adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome have an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome associated with increasing androgen levels independent of obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"91","author":"Coviello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1045","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Apridonidze","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"2198","article-title":"Exogenous androgens influence body composition and regional body fat distribution in obese postmenopausal women\u2014A clinical research center study","volume":"81","author":"Lovejoy","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200011000-00005","article-title":"Effects of estradiol with and without testosterone on body composition and relationships with lipids in postmenopausal women","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.09.004","article-title":"Metabolic and hedonic drives in the neural control of appetite: Who is the boss?","volume":"21","author":"Berthoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.023","article-title":"Neural control of energy balance: Translatin circuits to therapies","volume":"161","author":"Gautron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3211","article-title":"Unraveling the brain regulation of appetite: Lessons from genetics","volume":"15","author":"Yeo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3217","article-title":"From neuroanatomy to behavior: Central integration of peripheral signals regulating feeding behavior","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2013.04.004","article-title":"Energy balance regulation by thyroid hormones at central level","volume":"19","author":"Alvarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.05.003","article-title":"Neuronal circuits that regulate feeding behavior and metabolism","volume":"36","author":"Sohn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30113-3","article-title":"Central nervous pathways of insulin action in the control of metabolism and food intake","volume":"8","author":"Kullmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruud, J., Steculorum, S.M., and Br\u00fcning, J.C. (2017). Neuronal control of peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Nat. Commun., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15259"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2274","article-title":"Pulsatile luteinizing hormone amplitude and progesterone metabolite excretion are reduced in obese women","volume":"92","author":"Jain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Vall, S.A., Herrera, D., Sklar, B., Wu, S., Wondisford, F., Radovick, S., and Wolfe, A. (2015). Insulin receptor signaling in the GnRH neuron plays a role in the abnormal GnRH pulsatility of obese female mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119995"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdearcos, M., Douglass, J.D., Robblee, M.M., Dorfman, M.D., Stifler, D.R., Bennett, M.L., Gerritse, I., Fasnacht, R., Barres, B.A., and Thaler, J.P. (2018). Microglial inflammatory signaling orchestrates the hypothalamic immune response to dietary excess and mediates obesity susceptibility. Cell Metab., 27.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.019"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lainez, N.M., Jonak, C.R., Nair, M.G., Ethell, I.M., Wilson, E.H., Carson, M.J., and Coss, D. (2018). Diet-induced obesity elicits macrophage infiltration and reduction in spine density in the hypothalamus of male but not female mice. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01992"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2122","article-title":"Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction","volume":"289","author":"Gautam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1valos, Y., Kerr, B., Maliqueo, M., and Dorfman, M. (2018). Cell and molecular mechanisms behind diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation and obesity. J. Neuroendocrinol., 30.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12598"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02078","article-title":"Decreased soluble leptin receptor levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"154","author":"Hahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"423","article-title":"Association of leptin and insulin resistance in PCOS: A case-controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Jahromi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2014.984676","article-title":"Adiponectin and leptin in overweight\/obese and lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daghestani, M.H., Daghestani, M., Daghistani, M., El-Mazny, A., Bj\u00f8rklund, G., Chirumbolo, S., Al Saggaf, S.H., and Warsy, A. (2018). A study of ghrelin and leptin levels and their relationship to metabolic profiles in obese and lean Saudi women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Lipids Health Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0839-9"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.10.015","article-title":"Leptin Resistance and Diet-Induced Obesity: Central and Peripheral Actions of Leptin","volume":"64","author":"Sainz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1714","article-title":"A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans","volume":"50","author":"Cummings","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2478\/folmed-2013-0002","article-title":"Adipose tissue hormones and appetite and body weight regulators in insulin resistance","volume":"55","author":"Koleva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2012.09.002","article-title":"Adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin levels in obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Akhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031583","article-title":"Ghrelin and measures of satiety are altered in polycystic ovary syndrome but not differentially affected by diet composition","volume":"89","author":"Moran","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.6.8738","article-title":"Food fails to suppress ghrelin levels in obese humans","volume":"87","author":"English","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1216","article-title":"Postprandial plasma ghrelin is suppressed proportional to meal calorie content in normal-weight but not obese subjects","volume":"90","author":"Patterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5572","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160715143933","article-title":"Gut-Brain Axis and Metabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Saydam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5656","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0341","article-title":"Estradiol enhances cholecystokinin-dependent lipid-induced satiation and activates estrogen receptor alpha-expressing cells in the nucleus tractus solitarius of ovariectomized rats","volume":"148","author":"Asarian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0340","article-title":"Hindbrain administration of estradiol inhibits feeding and activates estrogen receptor-alpha-expressing cells in the nucleus tractus solitarius of ovariectomized rats","volume":"149","author":"Thammacharoen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590400002300","article-title":"Impaired cholecystokinin secretion and disturbed appetite regulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Hirschberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI74726","article-title":"Estrogens stimulate serotonin neurons to inhibit binge-like eating in mice","volume":"124","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81147-1_4","article-title":"The Brain\u2019s Reward System in Health and Disease","volume":"1344","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.02.001","article-title":"Modulating the Neuromodulators: Dopamine, Serotonin, and the Endocannabinoid System","volume":"44","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.011","article-title":"Stress, eating and the reward system","volume":"91","author":"Adam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.08.012","article-title":"Hormonal treatment increases the response of the reward system at the menopause transition: A counterbalanced randomized placebo-controlled fMRI study","volume":"50","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.02.021","article-title":"Effects of chronic testosterone administration on the degree of preference for a high-fat diet and body weight in gonadal-intact and ovariectomized female rats","volume":"349","author":"Iwasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.02.054","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging of emotional processing in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control pilot study","volume":"100","author":"Marsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500877112","article-title":"Insulin resistance in brain alters dopamine turnover and causes behavioral disorders","volume":"112","author":"Kleinridders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9739-3","article-title":"Increased expression of P450scc and CYP17 in development of endogenous hyperandrogenism in a rat model of PCOS","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.8.7595","article-title":"Interactive stimulation by luteinizing hormone and insulin of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and 17alpha-hydroxylase\/17,20-lyase (CYP17) genes in porcine theca cells","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80623-5","article-title":"Low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin in obese children","volume":"107","author":"Dunkel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-104531","article-title":"Enhanced Inflammation without Impairment of Insulin Signaling in the Visceral Adipose Tissue of 5\u03b1-Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Animal Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"125","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.07070","article-title":"Chronic testosterone treatment induces selective insulin resistance in subcutaneous adipocytes of women","volume":"192","author":"Corbould","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1665","article-title":"Differential gene expression profile in omental adipose tissue in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Villuendas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.03.027","article-title":"Increased prevalence of eating disorders, low self-esteem, and psychological distress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A community-based cohort study","volume":"112","author":"Tay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30059-3","article-title":"Eating disorders","volume":"395","author":"Tresure","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1586\/eog.12.54","article-title":"The role of reproductive hormones in the development and maintenance of eating disorders","volume":"7","author":"Baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20527","article-title":"The prevalence of eating disorders in women with facial hirsutism: An epidemiological cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Morgan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S168944","article-title":"Binge eating in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: Prevalence, causes, and management strategies","volume":"15","author":"Krug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0","article-title":"Insulin resistance and PCOS: Chicken or egg?","volume":"44","author":"Moghetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00915.x","article-title":"Predictors of dropout in weight loss interventions: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Moroshko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54117-X","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and bulimia","volume":"55","author":"McCluskey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2009.00952_25.x","article-title":"Eating frequency and snacking habits in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Wylie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12460","article-title":"Dietary underreporting in women affected by polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot study","volume":"76","author":"Braschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"136","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders among women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Bernadett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Hung"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.08.039","article-title":"Impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on eating behavior, depression and health-related quality of life: A cross-sectional study in Riyadh","volume":"27","author":"Asdaq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.12.014","article-title":"Increased risk of disordered eating in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"217","article-title":"Eating Disorders and Psychiatric Comorbidity","volume":"35","author":"Juli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.11.039","article-title":"Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Hollinrake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12696","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Kerimoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.08.005","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and psychiatric disorders: Co-morbidity and heritability in a nationwide Swedish cohort","volume":"73","author":"Cesta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blay, S.L., Aguiar, J.V.A., and Passos, I.C. (2016). Polycystic ovary syndrome and mental disorders: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 12.","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S91700"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2021.1942452","article-title":"The prevalence of anxiety and depression of different severity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummen, M., Tischmann, L., Gatta-Cherifi, B., Adam, T., and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. (2018). Dietary Protein and Energy Balance in relation to Obesity and Co-morbidities. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00443"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gannon, M.C., and Nuttall, F.Q. (2006). Control of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes without weight loss by modification of diet composition. Nutr. Metab., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-3-16"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.084038","article-title":"The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance","volume":"101","author":"Leidy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422411000175","article-title":"Peripheral and central mechanisms involved in the control of food intake by dietary amino acids and proteins","volume":"25","author":"Fromentin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-022-01437-z","article-title":"Craving for carbs: Food craving and disordered eating in low-carb dieters and its association with intermittent fasting","volume":"27","author":"Colombarolli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2018.05.005","article-title":"Reductions in food cravings are similar with low-fat weight loss diets differing in protein and carbohydrate in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Watson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02224-1","article-title":"Effect of viscous fiber supplementation on obesity indicators in individuals consuming calorie-restricted diets: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"60","author":"Jovanovski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"InterAct Consortium (2015). Dietary fibre and incidence of type 2 diabetes in eight European countries: The EPIC-InterAct Study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetologia, 58, 1394\u20131408.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3585-9"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.2001429","article-title":"Effects of whole grain intake on glycemic traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey256","article-title":"Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Teede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shele, G., Genkil, J., and Speelman, D. (2020). A Systematic Review of the Effects of Exercise on Hormones in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk5020035"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patten, R.K., Boyle, R.A., Moholdt, T., Kiel, I., Hopkins, W.G., Harrison, C.L., and Stepto, N.K. (2020). Exercise Interventions in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00606"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, I.K., Ashe, M.C., Cobucci, R.N., Soares, G.M., de Oliveira Maranh\u00e3o, T.M., and Dantas, P.M.S. (2020). The effect of exercise as an intervention for women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 99.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019644"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, I.K., Nunes, F., Queiros, V.S., Cobucci, R.N., Dantas, P.B., Soares, G.M., Cabral, B.G.A.T., Maranh\u00e3o, T.M.O., and Dantas, P.M.S. (2021). Effect of high-intensity interval training on metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245023"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000358","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the efficacy of psychological and medical treatments for binge-eating disorder","volume":"87","author":"Hilbert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaderi, A., Odeberg, J., Gustafsson, S., R\u00e5stam, M., Brolund, A., Pettersson, A., and Parling, T. (2018). Psychological, pharmacological, and combined treatments for binge eating disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ, 21.","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5113"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23228","article-title":"Is physical exercise and dietary therapy a feasible alternative to cognitive behavior therapy in treatment of eating disorders? A randomized controlled trial of two group therapies","volume":"53","author":"Mathisen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3874-y","article-title":"GLP-1 receptors exist in the parietal cortex, hypothalamus and medulla of human brains and the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide alters brain activity related to highly desirable food cues in individuals with diabetes: A crossover, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"59","author":"Farr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0348-6","article-title":"Effects of liraglutide on appetite, food preoccupation, and food liking: Results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Tronieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14280","article-title":"The effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly on energy intake, appetite, control of eating, and gastric emptying in adults with obesity","volume":"23","author":"Friedrichsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, J., Bang, N., Ratliff, E.L., Paszkowiak, M.A., Khorgami, Z., Khalsa, S.S., and Simmons, W.K. (2023). Successful treatment of binge eating disorder with the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide: A retrospective cohort study. Obes. Pillars., 7.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obpill.2023.100080"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00910-x","article-title":"An open-label trial on the efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone\/bupropion SR for treating altered eating behaviors and weight loss in binge eating disorder","volume":"26","author":"Carbone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220267","article-title":"Naltrexone-Bupropion and Behavior Therapy, Alone and Combined, for Binge-Eating Disorder: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"179","author":"Grilo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23898","article-title":"Naltrexone\/bupropion for binge-eating disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Grilo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7775","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001800","article-title":"Naltrexone plus bupropion combination medication maintenance treatment for binge-eating disorder following successful acute treatments: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Grilo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, W., Jin, B., Pan, Y., Han, Y., You, T., Zhang, Z., Qu, Y., Liu, S., and Zhang, Y. (2021). The Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Associated Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6619597"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"27","article-title":"Clinical observation on therapy of strengthening spleen and tonifying kidney combined with clomiphene in improving the pregnancy rate of infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acad. J. Shanghai Univ. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"341","article-title":"Study on the curative effect of Kaiyu Erchen decoction and Guizhi Fuling wan in treating Infertility caused by mutual knot of phlegm and blood stasis","volume":"40","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shanxi J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowan, S., Lim, S., Alycia, C., Pirotta, S., Thomson, R., Gibson-Helm, M., Blackmore, R., Naderpoor, N., Bennett, C., and Ee, C. (2023). Lifestyle management in polycystic ovary syndrome\u2013beyond diet and physical activity. BMC Endocr. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01208-y"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2023.26.2.105","article-title":"A Review on Acupuncture Efficiency in Human Polycystic Ovary\/Ovarian Syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Machado","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/7\/1049\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:23:08Z","timestamp":1760106188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/7\/1049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16071049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16071049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]}}}