{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:39:43Z","timestamp":1791891583038,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU2GGH002000-03-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU2GGH002000-03-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P30AI094189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research","award":["NU2GGH002000-03-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU2GGH002000-03-01"]}]},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research","award":["1P30AI094189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P30AI094189"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The causes and conditions of displacement often increase the vulnerability of migrant and refugee populations to food insecurity, alongside other material hardships. We aimed to examine the multidimensional aspects and patterns of food insecurity and other material hardships in a cross-sectional sample of 6221 Venezuelan refugees and migrants in urban Colombia using a latent class analysis. Using multinomial and logistic regression models, we investigated the demographic and migratory experiences associated with identified classes and how class membership is associated with multiple health outcomes among Venezuelan refugees and migrants, respectively. Approximately two thirds of the sample was comprised cisgender women, and the participants had a median age of 32 years (IQR: 26\u201341). Four heterogeneous classes of food insecurity and material hardships emerged: Class 1\u2014low food insecurity and material hardship; Class 2\u2014high food insecurity and material hardship; Class 3\u2014high income hardship with insufficient food intake; and Class 4\u2014income hardship with food affordability challenges. Class 2 reflected the most severe food insecurity and material hardships and had the highest class membership; Venezuelans with an irregular migration status were almost 1.5 times more likely to belong to this class. Food insecurity and material hardship class membership was independently associated with self-rated health, mental health symptoms, and recent violence victimization and marginally associated with infectious disease outcomes (laboratory-confirmed HIV and\/or syphilis infection). Social safety nets, social protection, and other interventions that reduce and prevent material hardships and food insecurity among refugees and migrants, alongside the host community, may improve public health, support development, and reduce healthcare costs. In the long term, regularization and social policies for migrants aimed at enhancing refugees\u2019 and migrants\u2019 social and economic inclusion may contribute to improving food security in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T10:42:03Z","timestamp":1712227323000},"page":"1060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Persistent Food Insecurity and Material Hardships: A Latent Class Analysis of Experiences among Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants in Urban Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2063-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Rafael","family":"Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Somos, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Somos, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Barriga Talero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Somos, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhon Jairo","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Somos, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6180-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhon Fredy","family":"Ramirez Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Somos, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damary","family":"Mart\u00ednez Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red Somos, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Luque N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8948-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juli\u00e1n Alfredo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ni\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 080003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Spiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"R4V (2024, January 05). 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