{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:55:17Z","timestamp":1792410917634,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["491183248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["491183248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on health promotion in the healthy population remain controversial. Therefore, our study aimed to analyse the efficacy and feasibility of different IF protocols and evaluated the effects within a cohort with a controlled-run in phase on the body mass index (BMI) as the primary outcome, the body composition, and metabolic and haematological markers in healthy participants. A total of 25 individuals were randomised into three fasting groups: 16\/8 fasting (n = 11), 20\/4 fasting (n = 6), and alternate-day fasting (ADF, n = 8). Assessments were conducted at baseline (visit 1), after a four-week controlled-run in phase (visit 2), and after eight weeks of fasting (visit 3). Both the BMI (p = 0.01) and bodyweight (p = 0.01) were significantly reduced in the ADF group, which was not seen in the 16\/8 and 20\/4 groups (p &gt; 0.05). Adherence was different but not statistically among the groups (16\/8: 84.5 \u00b1 23.0%; 20\/4: 92.7 \u00b1 9.5%; and ADF: 78.1 \u00b1 33.5%, p = 0.57). Based on our obtained results, the data suggest that some fasting interventions might be promising for metabolic health. However, adherence to the specific fasting protocols remains challenging even for the healthy population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1712746528000},"page":"1114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effects of Different Types of Intermittent Fasting Interventions on Metabolic Health in Healthy Individuals (EDIF): A Randomised Trial with a Controlled-Run in Phase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Herz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Karl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Wei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center of Sportsmedicine Bamberg, Klinikum Bamberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Haupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Science\u2014Food, Nutrition & Health, Chair of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca Tanja","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7761-9261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janis","family":"Schierbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-3594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine Bianca","family":"Wachsmuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian Paul","family":"Erlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Niedrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayvan","family":"Khoramipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 76198-13159, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Voit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Rilstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3510-9594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald","family":"Sourij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Othmar","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo\u2014Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Research Group, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, September 18). World Obesity Atlas 2023|World Obesity Federation. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldobesity.org\/resources\/resource-library\/world-obesity-atlas-2023."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, March 24). World Health Organization Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e96","article-title":"Meal Timing and Frequency: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"Ard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"117","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting and Weight Loss: Systematic Review","volume":"66","author":"Welton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.206","article-title":"Intermittent Energy Restriction Improves Weight Loss Efficiency in Obese Men: The MATADOR Study","volume":"42","author":"Byrne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.1.69","article-title":"Alternate-Day Fasting in Nonobese Subjects: Effects on Body Weight, Body Composition, and Energy Metabolism","volume":"81","author":"Heilbronn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.07.016","article-title":"Alternate Day Fasting Improves Physiological and Molecular Markers of Aging in Healthy, Non-Obese Humans","volume":"30","author":"Stekovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(77)90094-4","article-title":"The Effects of Prolonged Fasting on Plasma Triglyceride Kinetics in Man","volume":"26","author":"Streja","year":"1977","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-020-01362-4","article-title":"Periodic and Intermittent Fasting in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"20","author":"Crupi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1622","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Intermittent Fasting in People with Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes (INTERFAST-2)\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"46","author":"Obermayer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CD013496","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2021","author":"Allaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keszty\u00fcs, D., Cermak, P., Gulich, M., and Keszty\u00fcs, T. (2019). Adherence to Time-Restricted Feeding and Impact on Abdominal Obesity in Primary Care Patients: Results of a Pilot Study in a Pre\u2013Post Design. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122854"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00873.x","article-title":"Intermittent versus Daily Calorie Restriction: Which Diet Regimen Is More Effective for Weight Loss?","volume":"12","author":"Varady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2018.13","article-title":"A Pilot Feasibility Study Exploring the Effects of a Moderate Time-Restricted Feeding Intervention on Energy Intake, Adiposity and Metabolic Physiology in Free-Living Human Subjects","volume":"7","author":"Antoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1015-3123","article-title":"Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2020 Update","volume":"40","author":"Harriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"Elsayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.61.2.155","article-title":"Electrocardiographic Findings in Male Veteran Endurance Athletes","volume":"61","author":"Northcote","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2014.07.022","article-title":"Normal Values of the Electrocardiogram for Ages 16\u201390 Years","volume":"47","author":"Rijnbeek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Urbaniak, G.C., and Plous, S. (2022, June 14). Research Randomizer (Version 4.0) [Computer Software]. Available online: https:\/\/www.randomizer.org\/about\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the Concentration of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Plasma, without Use of the Preparative Ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moser, O., Tripolt, N., Pferschy, P., Obermayer, A., Kojzar, H., Mueller, A., Yildirim, H., Sourij, C., Eckstein, M., and Sourij, H. (2021). Performance of the Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring (IsCGM) System during a High Oral Glucose Challenge in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes\u2014A Prospective Secondary Outcome Analysis. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11010022"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schierbauer, J.R., G\u00fcnther, S., Haupt, S., Zimmer, R.T., Zunner, B.E.M., Zimmermann, P., Wachsmuth, N.B., Eckstein, M.L., Aberer, F., and Sourij, H. (2022). Accuracy of Real Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring during Different Liquid Solution Challenges in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093104"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028","article-title":"Clinical Targets for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Interpretation: Recommendations from the International Consensus on Time in Range","volume":"42","author":"Battelino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baum Martinez, I., Peters, B., Schwarz, J., Schuppelius, B., Steckhan, N., Koppold-Liebscher, D.A., Michalsen, A., and Pivovarova-Ramich, O. (2022). Validation of a Smartphone Application for the Assessment of Dietary Compliance in an Intermittent Fasting Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183697"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, Y., Hong, N., Kim, K.W., Cho, S.J., Lee, M., Lee, Y.H., Lee, Y.H., Kang, E.S., Cha, B.S., and Lee, B.W. (2019). The Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting to Reduce Body Mass Index and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101645"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13709","article-title":"Intention to Treat and per Protocol Analysis in Clinical Trials","volume":"25","author":"Tripepi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, H., Qin, Y.L., Shi, Z.Y., Chen, J.H., Zeng, M.J., Zhou, W., Chen, R.Q., and Chen, Z.Y. (2019). Effects of Alternate-Day Fasting on Body Weight and Dyslipidaemia in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomised Controlled Trial. BMC Gastroenterol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-1132-8"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1113\/JP281101","article-title":"Time Restricted Eating for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"600","author":"Cienfuegos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22756","article-title":"Time-Restricted Eating Effects on Body Composition and Metabolic Measures in Humans Who Are Overweight: A Feasibility Study","volume":"28","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.06.036","article-title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on Body Weight, Body Composition and Vital Signs in Low-Income Women with Obesity: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"40","author":"Bueno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4153","article-title":"Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men with Overweight and Obesity: The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"180","author":"Lowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1044-0","article-title":"Effects of Eight Weeks of Time-Restricted Feeding (16\/8) on Basal Metabolism, Maximal Strength, Body Composition, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Resistance-Trained Males","volume":"14","author":"Moro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e318250a287","article-title":"Short- and Long-Term Effects of Continuous versus Intermittent Restrictive Diet Approaches on Body Composition and the Metabolic Profile in Overweight and Obese Postmenopausal Women: A Pilot Study","volume":"19","author":"Arguin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180756","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0756","article-title":"Effect of Intermittent Compared with Continuous Energy Restricted Diet on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial","volume":"1","author":"Carter","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.04.002","article-title":"Compensatory Mechanisms Activated with Intermittent Energy Restriction: A Randomized Control Trial","volume":"37","author":"Coutinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.09.014","article-title":"Do Intermittent Diets Provide Physiological Benefits over Continuous Diets for Weight Loss? A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials","volume":"418","author":"Seimon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017254","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1017254","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting and Time-Restricted Eating Role in Dietary Interventions and Precision Nutrition","volume":"10","author":"Soliman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22065","article-title":"Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting","volume":"26","author":"Anton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1748-4","article-title":"Intermittent versus Continuous Energy Restriction on Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"16","author":"Cioffi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0026-8","article-title":"Interventions to Promote Cardiometabolic Health and Slow Cardiovascular Ageing","volume":"15","author":"Fontana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Chen, D., Fulcher, J., Scott, E.S., and Jenkins, A.J. (2022). Precision Medicine in Diabetes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Paradigm, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shazman, S. (2023). Understanding Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Risk Parameters through Intermittent Fasting: A Machine Learning Approach. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183926"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Zhang, C., Wang, H., Ma, Z., Liu, D., Guan, X., Liu, Y., Fu, Y., Cui, M., and Dong, J. (2022). Intermittent Fasting versus Continuous Calorie Restriction: Which Is Better for Weight Loss?. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091781"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120202262","article-title":"Relation between Overweight\/Obesity and Self-Rated Health among Adolescents in Germany. Do Socio-Economic Status and Type of School Have an Impact on That Relation?","volume":"12","author":"Krause","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.179","article-title":"Changes in Body Weight and Obesity Status in German Adults: Results of Seven Population-Based Prospective Studies","volume":"70","author":"Haftenberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/8\/1114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:25:42Z","timestamp":1760106342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/8\/1114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16081114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16081114","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]}}}