{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:53:13Z","timestamp":1791895993702,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81903296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YYSP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YYSP007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Scientific Research Projects in Shandong Province China","award":["81903296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81903296"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific Research Projects in Shandong Province China","award":["2017YYSP007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YYSP007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aimed to investigate the differential effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on placental and embryonic development. Pregnant mice were assigned to five groups: healthy control (HC), diabetes mellitus control (DMC), diabetes + low-dose n-3 PUFA (Ln-3), diabetes + high-dose n-3 PUFA (Hn-3), and diabetes + n-6 PUFA (n-6). On E12.5d, the Hn-3 group, but not the n-6 group, had a higher placenta weight. The weight ratio of embryo to placenta in the n-6 group was significantly lower than in the Hn-3 group but higher than in the DMC group. The Hn-3 group had significantly higher protein levels of VEGF, IGF-1, and IGFBP3, while the n-6 group had lower VEGF than the DMC group. Compared with the DMC group, embryonic Cer-16:0 was significantly higher in the Hn-3 group, while embryonic PC (36:6), PC (38:7), and PE (40:7) were significantly lower in the n-6 group. The embryo and placenta weights were positively correlated with placental VEGF, IGFBP3, and embryonic Cer-16:0, and they were negatively correlated with embryonic PC (36:6) and PE (40:7). The weight ratio of embryo to placenta was negatively correlated with embryonic PC (36:6). In addition, embryonic Cer-16:0 was positively correlated with placental VEGF and IGFBP3. In conclusion, n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA improved placental and embryonic growth through different mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T08:41:06Z","timestamp":1713256866000},"page":"1182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differential Effects of n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Placental and Embryonic Growth and Development in Diabetic Pregnant Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Huiying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanjing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5227-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group\u2019s Criteria","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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