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Similar to omnivorous diets, they may contain excessive amounts of sugar, sodium, and saturated fats, or lack diversity. Moreover, vegans might be at risk of inadequate intake of certain vitamins and minerals commonly found in foods that they avoid. We developed the VEGANScreener, a tool designed to assess the diet quality of vegans in Europe. Methods: Our approach combined best practices in developing diet quality metrics with scale development approaches and involved the following: (a) narrative literature synthesis, (b) evidence evaluation by an international panel of experts, and (c) translation of evidence into a diet screener. We employed a modified Delphi technique to gather opinions from an international expert panel. Results: Twenty-five experts in the fields of nutrition, epidemiology, preventive medicine, and diet assessment participated in the first round, and nineteen participated in the subsequent round. Initially, these experts provided feedback on a pool of 38 proposed items from the literature review. Consequently, 35 revised items, with 17 having multiple versions, were suggested for further consideration. In the second round, 29 items were retained, and any residual issues were addressed in the final consensus meeting. The ultimate screener draft encompassed 29 questions, with 17 focusing on foods and nutrients to promote, and 12 addressing foods and nutrients to limit. The screener contained 24 food-based and 5 nutrient-based questions. Conclusions: We elucidated the development process of the VEGANScreener, a novel diet quality screener for vegans. Future endeavors involve contrasting the VEGANScreener against benchmark diet assessment methodologies and nutritional biomarkers and testing its acceptance. Once validated, this instrument holds potential for deployment as a self-assessment application for vegans and as a preliminary dietary screening and counseling tool in healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1714449712000},"page":"1344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of the VEGANScreener, a Tool for a Quick Diet Quality Assessment among Vegans in Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5414-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma","family":"Kronsteiner-Gicevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4316-2619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonie","family":"Bogl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Wakolbinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Plant-Based Nutrition, 35444 Biebertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7182-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joelina","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Plant-Based Nutrition, 35444 Biebertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2208-3460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem","family":"De Keyzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Industrial Technology, HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3639-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Bull\u00f3n-Vela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1229-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliska","family":"Selinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Center for Public Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Plant-Based Nutrition, 35444 Biebertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ainara","family":"Mart\u00ednez Tabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tooba","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leone","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Kyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich, Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"K\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Plant-Based Nutrition, 35444 Biebertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ouradova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3253-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Henikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Van Lippevelde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Marketing Innovation & Organisation Unit Consumer Behaviour, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Cahova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3917-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Mart\u00ednez Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Willett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maira","family":"Bes-Rastrollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7995-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Gojda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefaan","family":"De Henauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and 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TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The Vegan Society (2023, September 09). 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