{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T23:04:32Z","timestamp":1782169472505,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programme of China","award":["2021YFC2701901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701901"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programme of China","award":["2022YFC2703505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2703505"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programme of China","award":["ZDFY2021-4X104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDFY2021-4X104"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programme of China","award":["2018C03010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C03010"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programme of China","award":["2020E10004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020E10004"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Programme of China","award":["2019R01007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R01007"]}]},{"name":"4+X Clinical Research Project of Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","award":["2021YFC2701901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701901"]}]},{"name":"4+X Clinical Research Project of Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","award":["2022YFC2703505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2703505"]}]},{"name":"4+X Clinical Research Project of Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","award":["ZDFY2021-4X104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDFY2021-4X104"]}]},{"name":"4+X Clinical Research Project of Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","award":["2018C03010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C03010"]}]},{"name":"4+X Clinical Research Project of Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","award":["2020E10004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020E10004"]}]},{"name":"4+X Clinical Research Project of Women\u2019s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","award":["2019R01007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R01007"]}]},{"name":"Major research and development projects of Zhejiang science and Technology Department","award":["2021YFC2701901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701901"]}]},{"name":"Major research and development projects of Zhejiang science and Technology Department","award":["2022YFC2703505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2703505"]}]},{"name":"Major research and development projects of Zhejiang science and Technology Department","award":["ZDFY2021-4X104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDFY2021-4X104"]}]},{"name":"Major research and development projects of Zhejiang science and Technology Department","award":["2018C03010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C03010"]}]},{"name":"Major research and development projects of Zhejiang science and Technology Department","award":["2020E10004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020E10004"]}]},{"name":"Major research and development projects of Zhejiang science and Technology Department","award":["2019R01007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R01007"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province","award":["2021YFC2701901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701901"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province","award":["2022YFC2703505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2703505"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province","award":["ZDFY2021-4X104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDFY2021-4X104"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province","award":["2018C03010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C03010"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province","award":["2020E10004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020E10004"]}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province","award":["2019R01007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R01007"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["2021YFC2701901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701901"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["2022YFC2703505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2703505"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["ZDFY2021-4X104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDFY2021-4X104"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["2018C03010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C03010"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["2020E10004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020E10004"]}]},{"name":"Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang","award":["2019R01007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R01007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Breastfeeding appears to reduce the risk of childhood overweight\/obesity. However, it remains unclear whether this protective effect persists among high-risk populations. This study aims to investigate the association of breastfeeding with the risk of overweight\/obesity in early childhood and whether this association is altered by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or size at birth. Methods: Feeding practices during the first 12 months of age and weight and length at 12\u201336 months of age were collected. Full breastfeeding includes exclusive and predominant breastfeeding. Children with body mass index (BMI) values greater than 1 standard deviation from the mean of sex- and age-specific BMI were classified as overweight\/obese. Multiple generalized estimating equations models were applied to analyze the associations of full breastfeeding duration with overweight\/obesity risk. Results: Among all participants (n = 9329), infants with a longer full-breastfeeding duration had a reduced risk of overweight\/obesity in early childhood compared with those breastfed for less than one month. Infants exposed to GDM and those born large for gestational age (LGA) had a higher risk of overweight\/obesity in early childhood. Among infants of mothers with GDM (n = 1748), infants with full breastfeeding for greater than 6 months (aOR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.78) showed a decreased risk of overweight\/obesity in early childhood compared with those breastfed for less than one month. Among LGA infants (n = 1279), infants with full breastfeeding for 3\u20135 months (aOR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.76) and greater than 6 months (aOR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.88) showed a decreased risk of overweight\/obesity in early childhood. Similar results were observed among LGA infants of mothers with GDM. Conclusions: Initiating and prolonging breastfeeding would reduce the risk of overweight\/obesity in early childhood, and LGA infants and infants born to mothers with GDM would experience greater benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1714449712000},"page":"1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Breastfeeding, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Size at Birth and Overweight\/Obesity in Early Childhood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ye","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diliyaer","family":"Ainiwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xialidan","family":"Alifu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3538-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyue","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3394-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunxian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD Obesity Collaborators, Afshin, A., Forouzanfar, M.H., Reitsma, M.B., Sur, P., Estep, K., Lee, A., Marczak, L., Mokdad, A.H., and Moradi-Lakeh, M. (2017). Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N. Engl. J. Med., 377, 13\u201327.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00045-0","article-title":"Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006008","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1006008","article-title":"Genetics, epigenetics and transgenerational transmission of obesity in children","volume":"13","author":"Panera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Consales, A., Morniroli, D., Vizzari, G., Mosca, F., and Gianni, M.L. (2022). Nutrition for Infant Feeding. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091823"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.100152","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the Longitudinal Changes of Body Mass Index in Childhood and Adulthood: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120526","article-title":"Programming of future generations during breastfeeding: The intricate relation between metabolic and neurodevelopment disorders","volume":"298","author":"Amaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.140962","article-title":"Infant feeding and growth trajectory patterns in childhood and body composition in young adulthood","volume":"106","author":"Rzehak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1159\/000365031","article-title":"Early infant feeding and adiposity risk: From infancy to adulthood","volume":"64","author":"Oddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12688","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12688","article-title":"Impact of early rapid weight gain on odds for overweight at one year differs between breastfed and formula-fed infants","volume":"15","author":"Trabulsi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwaydi, M.A., Zhou, X., Perrella, S.L., Wlodek, M.E., Lai, C.T., Gridneva, Z., and Geddes, D.T. (2022). The Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173620"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0077-2","article-title":"In utero exposure to gestational diabetes and adiposity: Does breastfeeding make a difference?","volume":"42","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12277","article-title":"Breastfeeding and growth during infancy among offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Gunderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-00932-y","article-title":"Breastfeeding and growth trajectory from birth to 5 years among children exposed and unexposed to gestational diabetes mellitus in utero","volume":"41","author":"Dugas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1057-0","article-title":"Associations of infant milk feed type on early postnatal growth of offspring exposed and unexposed to gestational diabetes in utero","volume":"56","author":"Aris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30273-6","article-title":"Influence of maternal obesity on the association between common pregnancy complications and risk of childhood obesity: An individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2021.02.005","article-title":"Short- and Long-Term Outcomes Associated with Large for Gestational Age Birth Weight","volume":"48","author":"Scifres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04173-1","article-title":"Association of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with infant growth in the first 36 months of life","volume":"181","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Z., Si, S., Cheng, H., Zhou, H., Chi, P., Mo, M., Zhuang, Y., Liu, H., and Yu, Y. (2022). The Associations of Maternal Hemoglobin Concentration in Different Time Points and Its Changes during Pregnancy with Birth Weight Outcomes. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122542"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2008). Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2003). Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Subgroup, Obstetrics, and Chinese Medical Association Gynecology (2018). Guideline of preconception and prenatal care (2018). Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 53, 7\u201313."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2022). Growth Standard for Newborns by Gestational Age."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2024, February 05). Growth Standard for Children under 7 Years of Age, Available online: http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/wjw\/fyjk\/202211\/16d8b049fdf547978a910911c19bf389.shtml."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1639-8","article-title":"Early introduction of complementary foods and childhood overweight in breastfed and formula-fed infants in the Netherlands: The PIAMA birth cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Pluymen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndirangu, M.N., Gatimu, S.M., Mwinyi, H.M., and Kibiwott, D.C. (2018). Trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Namibia: Analysis of the Demographic and Health Surveys 2000\u20132013. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1811-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020008029","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-008029","article-title":"Breastfeeding, Physical Growth, and Cognitive Development","volume":"147","author":"Wallenborn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-023-00562-4","article-title":"Breastfeeding practices in Northeast China in 2008 and 2018: Cross-sectional surveys to explore determinants over a decade","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Breastfeed. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Yang, Z., Lai, J., Yu, D., Chang, S., Pang, X., Jiang, S., Zhang, H., Bi, Y., and Wang, J. (2018). Exclusive Breastfeeding Rate and Complementary Feeding Indicators in China: A National Representative Survey in 2013. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020249"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.06.069","article-title":"Feeding effects on growth during infancy","volume":"145","author":"Kramer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.137554","article-title":"Effects of infant feeding practice on weight gain from birth to 3 years","volume":"94","author":"Griffiths","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009005874","article-title":"Infant weight gain, duration of exclusive breast-feeding and childhood BMI\u2014Two similar follow-up cohorts","volume":"13","author":"Gunnarsdottir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fall, C.H.D., and Kumaran, K. (2019). Metabolic programming in early life in humans. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 374.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0123"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16460","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of breastfeeding and later overweight or obesity expands on previous study for World Health Organization","volume":"112","author":"Horta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Gao, D., Li, Y., Chen, M., Wang, X., Ma, Q., Ma, T., Chen, L., Ma, Y., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Breastfeeding Duration and High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study of Seven Provinces in China. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153152"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12434","article-title":"The Associations of Breast Feeding with Infant Growth and Body Mass Index to 16 years: \u2018Children of 1997\u2019","volume":"32","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-017-2326-8","article-title":"The Impact of Sex of Child on Breastfeeding in the United States","volume":"21","author":"Shafer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2413","article-title":"Association of breast-feeding and early childhood overweight in children from mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Hartmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0019","article-title":"Hospital Supplementation Differentially Impacts the Association Between Breastfeeding Intention and Duration Among Women With and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus History","volume":"12","author":"Rausch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breastfeed. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334416663196","article-title":"Early Lactation and Infant Feeding Practices Differ by Maternal Gestational Diabetes History","volume":"32","author":"Moreland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.073049","article-title":"Maternal prepregnancy obesity and insulin treatment during pregnancy are independently associated with delayed lactogenesis in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"99","author":"Matias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e465-71","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.5.e465","article-title":"Prepregnant overweight and obesity diminish the prolactin response to suckling in the first week postpartum","volume":"113","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx271","article-title":"Childhood Health Outcomes in Term, Large-for-Gestational-Age Babies With Different Postnatal Growth Patterns","volume":"187","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01904-w","article-title":"Childhood obesity and adverse cardiometabolic risk in large for gestational age infants and potential early preventive strategies: A narrative review","volume":"92","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, C.R., Ling, P.R., and Blackburn, G.L. (2016). Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050279"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.08.021","article-title":"The presence of the peptides apelin, ghrelin and nesfatin-1 in the human breast milk, and the lowering of their levels in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Aydin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002933","article-title":"Associations of breast milk adiponectin, leptin, insulin and ghrelin with maternal characteristics and early infant growth: A longitudinal study","volume":"120","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4758-0","article-title":"Association between maternal diabetes, being large for gestational age and breast-feeding on being overweight or obese in childhood","volume":"62","author":"Kaul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, Y., Nagel, E.M., Kharoud, H., Johnson, K.E., Gallagher, T., Duncan, K., Kharbanda, E.O., Fields, D.A., Gale, C.A., and Jacobs, K. (2022). Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030667"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1159\/000477407","article-title":"Postnatal Prevention of Childhood Obesity in Offspring Prenatally Exposed to Gestational Diabetes mellitus: Where Are We Now?","volume":"10","author":"Dugas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2007.08.015","article-title":"Milk and blood ghrelin level in diabetics","volume":"23","author":"Aydin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00128.x","article-title":"The validity and reliability of maternal recall of breastfeeding practice","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/9\/1351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:36:39Z","timestamp":1760106999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/9\/1351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16091351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16091351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]}}}