{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:25:51Z","timestamp":1766067951747,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ege University Scientific Research Project Unit","award":["21039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring glycemic control status is the cornerstone of diabetes management. This study aimed to reveal whether moderate-carbohydrate (CHO) diets increase the risk of free fatty acid (FFA) levels, and it presents the short-term effects of four different diet models on blood sugar, glycemic variability (GV), and FFA levels. This crossover study included 17 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus to identify the effects of four diets with different CHO contents and glycemic index (GI) on GV and plasma FFA levels. Diet 1 (D1) contained 40% CHO with a low GI, diet 2 (D2) contained 40% CHO with a high GI, diet 3 (D3) contained 60% CHO with a low GI, and diet 4 (D4) contained 60% CHO with a high GI. Interventions were performed with sensor monitoring in four-day periods and completed in four weeks. No statistical difference was observed among the groups in terms of blood glucose area under the curve (p = 0.78), mean blood glucose levels (p = 0.28), GV (p = 0.59), and time in range (p = 0.567). FFA and total triglyceride levels were higher in the D1 group (p &lt; 0.014 and p = 0.002, respectively). Different diets may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases by affecting GI, FFA, and blood glucose levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16091383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T07:04:14Z","timestamp":1714633454000},"page":"1383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Concentration and Glycemic Index on Blood Glucose Variability and Free Fatty Acids in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5899-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selda","family":"Seckiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, \u0130stanbul Beykent University, Istanbul 34520, Turkey"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Ayd\u0131nlar University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-301X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Bas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Ayd\u0131nlar University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilgin Yildirim","family":"Simsir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8993-674X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su","family":"Ozgur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Akcay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cigdem Gozde","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biruni University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ozge","family":"Kucukerdonmez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevki","family":"Cetinkalp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-0619-1","article-title":"A View Beyond HbA1c: Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Chehregosha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2024). 5. 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