{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:31:52Z","timestamp":1768476712261,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) GHR Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/137\/62"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/137\/62"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This cross-sectional study evaluated the validity of three alternative methods compared to the gold standard 24-h urine collection for estimating dietary sodium intake, a modifiable risk factor for hypertension, among middle-aged and older adults with elevated blood pressure. These included spot urine collection (using Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT equations), 24-h dietary recall, and food frequency questionnaire responses, compared to 24-h urine collection in a subset of 65 participants (aged 50\u201375 years, 58.5% women, 61.6% hypertensive) from the DePEC-Nutrition trial. The validity of the methods was assessed using bias, the Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC), the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland\u2013Altman analysis. Among the alternative methods, spot urine collection using the Kawasaki equation showed the strongest correlation (SCC 0.238; ICC 0.119, 95% CI \u22120.079 to 0.323), but it exhibited a significant bias (1414 mg\/day, p-value &lt; 0.001) relative to 24-h urine collection. Conversely, dietary surveys had a smaller bias but wider limits of agreement. These findings underscore the complexities of accurately estimating dietary sodium intake using spot urine collection or dietary surveys in this specific population, suggesting that a combination or the refinement of existing methodologies might improve accuracy. Further research with larger samples is necessary to develop more reliable methods for assessing sodium intake in this high-risk group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T03:34:01Z","timestamp":1715571241000},"page":"1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing Sodium Intake in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Elevated Blood Pressure: Validation of Spot Urine Excretion and Dietary Survey-Derived Estimates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2254-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yee Chang","family":"Soh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"},{"name":"South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 45700, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sports Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4DR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mawada","family":"Alawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"},{"name":"South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 45700, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siew Siew","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tin Tin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"},{"name":"South East Asia Community Observatory (SEACO), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 45700, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blossom Christa Maree","family":"Stephan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"},{"name":"Dementia Centre of Excellence, Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Reidpath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh EH21 6UU, UK"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shajahan","family":"Yasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Siervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0898-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devi","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2020.14.1.76","article-title":"Association of Fried Food Intake with Prehypertension and Hypertension: The Filipino Women\u2019s Diet and Health Study","volume":"14","author":"Provido","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. 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