{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:52:30Z","timestamp":1790693550910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Forage and Grass Research System","award":["CARS-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-34"]}]},{"name":"China Forage and Grass Research System","award":["22IRTSTHN022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22IRTSTHN022"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province High-Quality Forage and Animal Health Science and Technology Innovation Team Project","award":["CARS-34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-34"]}]},{"name":"Henan Province High-Quality Forage and Animal Health Science and Technology Innovation Team Project","award":["22IRTSTHN022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22IRTSTHN022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unhealthy lifestyles (high-fat diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, too little exercise, etc.) in the current society are prone to cause lipid metabolism disorders affecting the health of the organism and inducing the occurrence of diseases. Saponins, as biologically active substances present in plants, have lipid-lowering, inflammation-reducing, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. Saponins are thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the body; it suppresses the appetite and, thus, reduces energy intake by modulating pro-opiomelanocortin\/Cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript (POMC\/CART) neurons and neuropeptide Y\/agouti-related peptide (NPY\/AGRP) neurons in the hypothalamus, the appetite control center. Saponins directly activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and related transcriptional regulators such as peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptors (PPAR), CCAAT\/enhancer-binding proteins (C\/EBP), and sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) increase fatty acid oxidation and inhibit lipid synthesis. It also modulates gut\u2013liver interactions to improve lipid metabolism by regulating gut microbes and their metabolites and derivatives\u2014short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), trimethylamine (TMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), et al. This paper reviews the positive effects of different saponins on lipid metabolism disorders, suggesting that the gut\u2013liver axis plays a crucial role in improving lipid metabolism processes and may be used as a therapeutic target to provide new strategies for treating lipid metabolism disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T09:10:22Z","timestamp":1715937022000},"page":"1514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Effects of Saponins on Lipid Metabolism: The Gut\u2013Liver Axis Plays a Key Role"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shixi","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouren","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Defeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghua","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boshuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, P., Li, K., Peng, X., Kan, Y., Li, H., Zhu, Y., Wang, Z., Li, Z., Liu, H.-Y., and Cai, D. (2023). Nuclear Receptor PPAR\u03b1 as a Therapeutic Target in Diseases Associated with Lipid Metabolism Disorders. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224772"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00075E","article-title":"Grifola Frondosa Polysaccharides Ameliorate Lipid Metabolic Disorders and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in High-Fat Diet Fed Rats","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12500","article-title":"Effects of the Polypeptide from Peanut Meal Mixed Fermentation on Lipid Metabolism and Intestinal Flora of Hyperlipidemic Mice","volume":"103","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00580-5","article-title":"Immune-Based Therapies in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: Past, Present and Future","volume":"21","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118066","article-title":"Hypolipidemic Effect and Gut Microbiota Regulation of Gypenoside Aglycones in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"328","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.08.002","article-title":"Dietary Polyphenols in Lipid Metabolism: A Role of Gut Microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.-H., Jeong, H.Y., Choi, P.G., Kim, M.J., Seo, H.-D., Hahm, J.-H., Ahn, J., and Jung, C.H. (2023). C-Glycosidic Flavone-Rich Passiflora incarnata L. Leaf Extracts Decrease Body Weight and Fatty Liver in Obese Mice. Food Biosci., 55.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.103028"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204840","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/204840","article-title":"Protective Effects of Panax Notoginseng Saponins on Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Overview of Experimental Studies","volume":"2014","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.05.016","article-title":"Biological Activities and Distribution of Plant Saponins","volume":"94","author":"Sparg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390600698197","article-title":"Saponins: Properties, Applications and Processing","volume":"47","author":"Mazza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.62.2291","article-title":"Relationship between Chemical Structures and Biological Activities of Triterpenoid Saponins from Soybean","volume":"62","author":"Yoshiki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9901237","article-title":"Saponins in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Root and Their Structural Elucidation","volume":"47","author":"Bialy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800128-8.00002-9","article-title":"Chemical Synthesis of Saponins","volume":"71","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-032818-122010","article-title":"Quillaja Saponin Characteristics and Functional Properties","volume":"10","author":"Reichert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2022.2043252","article-title":"Surface-Active Natural Saponins. Properties, Safety, and Efficacy","volume":"33","author":"Fink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376817","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1376817","article-title":"Phytochemical Analysis, Acute Toxicity, as Well as Antihyperglycemic and Antidiabetic Activities of Corchorus olitorius L. Leaf Extracts","volume":"2022","author":"Nakaziba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S330222","article-title":"Antioxidant, Anti-Aging and Organ Protective Effects of Total Saponins from Aralia taibaiensis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"161","article-title":"Fatty Liver Diseases, Mechanisms, and Potential Therapeutic Plant Medicines","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1905233","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201905233","article-title":"Nanoparticle Conjugation of Ginsenoside Rg3 Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development and Metastasis","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00095J","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rk3 Ameliorates High-Fat-Diet\/Streptozocin Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mice via the AMPK\/Akt Signaling Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7712","article-title":"Sarsasapogenin, a Principal Active Component Absorbed into Blood of Total Saponins of Anemarrhena, Attenuates Proliferation and Invasion in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-like Syno-viocytes through Downregulating PKM2 Inhibited Pathological Glycolysis","volume":"37","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7782","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02142F","article-title":"The Metabolic Change in Serum Lysoglycerophospholipids Intervened by Triterpenoid Saponins from Kuding Tea on Hyperlipidemic Mice","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-B., Zhao, M., Wang, J., Shi, J.-T., Wang, W.-F., Zhang, Y., Meng, X.-H., Sang, C.-Y., Zhu, L.-L., and Yang, J.-L. (2022). Gypenosides (GPs) Alleviates Hypoxia-Induced Injury in PC12 Cells and Enhances Tolerance to Anoxia in C57BL\/6 Mice. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14448"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2023.103158","article-title":"Encapsulation of Diosgenin in Chitosan Nanoparticles with Enhanced In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity in Female Sprague Dawley Rats","volume":"41","author":"Kala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paarvanova, B., Tacheva, B., Savova, G., Karabaliev, M., and Georgieva, R. (2023). Hemolysis by Saponin Is Accelerated at Hypertonic Conditions. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28207096"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2013.08.006","article-title":"Saikosaponin D Disrupts Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-\u03b2 Receptor\/P38 Pathway Leading to Mitochondrial Apoptosis in Human LO2 Hepatocyte Cells: A Potential Mechanism of Hepatotoxicity","volume":"206","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X17500227","article-title":"Saikosaponin a Induces Apoptosis through Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway in Hepatic Stellate Cells","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114716","article-title":"Terrestrosin D, a Spirostanol Saponin from Tribulus terrestris L. with Potential Hepatorenal Toxicity","volume":"283","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2019.06.004","article-title":"Modification of GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-Catenin Signaling on Saikosaponins-d-Induced Inhibition of Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Adult Neurogenesis","volume":"424","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2004.06.001","article-title":"Embryotoxicity Study of Ginsenoside Rc and Re in In Vitro Rat Whole Embryo Culture","volume":"19","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101174","article-title":"Hypothalamic Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Regulates Appetite and Energy Homeostasis","volume":"47","author":"Hundahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101223","article-title":"Genetic Deletion of the Ghrelin Receptor (GHSR) Impairs Growth and Blunts Endocrine Response to Fasting in Ghsr-IRES-Cre Mice","volume":"51","author":"Stoltenborg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, B., Kim, K.-K., Lee, T.-H., Kim, H.-R., Park, B.-S., Park, J.-W., Jeong, J.-K., Seong, J.-Y., and Lee, B.-J. (2022). Spexin Regulates Hypothalamic Leptin Action on Feeding Behavior. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020236"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, W., Peng, J., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J., Qiang, X., Zhang, R., and Shi, L. (2023). Amelioration Impact of Gut-Brain Communication on Obesity Control by Regulating Gut Microbiota Composition through the Ingestion of Animal-Plant-Derived Peptides and Dietary Fiber: Can Food Reward Effect as a Hidden Regulator?. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u201315. Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2241078"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camilleri, M., and Lupianez-Merly, C. (2023). Effects of GLP-1 and Other Gut Hormone Receptors on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Implications in Clinical Practice. Am. J. Gastroenterol., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002519"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665881","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.665881","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effect of Fermented Panax Notoginseng Is Mediated Via Modulation of Appetite and Gut Microbial Population","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FP0040184","article-title":"Effect of Crude Saponin of Korean Red Ginseng on High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in the Rat","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2561","article-title":"Comparison of the Antiobesity Effects of the Protopanaxadiol- and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins of Red Ginseng","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30190","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30190","article-title":"Astragaloside IV Improves Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice by Alleviation of Leptin Resistance and Regulation of Thermogenic Network","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2011.08.042","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effects of the Methanolic Extract and Chakasaponins from the Flower Buds of Camellia Sinensis in Mice","volume":"19","author":"Hamao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.19897","article-title":"Obesity Management in Adults: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Schwartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanneur, K., Leksawasdi, N., Sumonsiri, N., Techapun, C., Taesuwan, S., Nunta, R., and Khemacheewakul, J. (2023). Inhibitory Effects of Saponin-Rich Extracts from Pouteria Cambodiana against Digestive Enzymes \u03b1-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12203738"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128113","article-title":"The Hydrolysis of Saponin-Rich Extracts from Fenugreek and Quinoa Improves Their Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity and Hypocholesterolemic Effect","volume":"338","author":"Reglero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052047f","article-title":"Lupane-Type Saponins from Leaves of Acanthopanax Sessiliflorus and Their Inhibitory Activity on Pancreatic Lipase","volume":"54","author":"Yoshizumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"23","article-title":"Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, and Protein Metabolism by AMPK","volume":"107","author":"Angin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarjeant, K., and Stephens, J.M. (2012). Adipogenesis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008417"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0041-z","article-title":"Metabolic Messengers: Adiponectin","volume":"1","author":"Straub","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, K., Sheng, W., Gao, R., Feng, J., Huang, W., Cui, L., Liu, J., and Li, Y. (2022). Ethanolic Extract of Root from Arctium lappa L Ameliorates Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis in Rats by Regulating the AMPK\/ACC\/CPT-1 Pathway. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14455"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2132377","article-title":"The Ameliorative Effect of Probiotics on Diet-Induced Lipid Metabolism Disorders: A Review","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.04.001","article-title":"Kinsenoside-Mediated Lipolysis through an AMPK-Dependent Pathway in C3H10T1\/2 Adipocytes: Roles of AMPK and PPAR\u03b1 in the Lipolytic Effect of Kinsenoside","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, C., Mao, S., Chen, S., Zhang, W., and Liu, C. (2021). PPARs-Orchestrated Metabolic Homeostasis in the Adipose Tissue. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168974"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1514580","article-title":"Saponins as Modulators of Nuclear Receptors","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-012-0715-5","article-title":"Protective Effects of Gypenosides against Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High Fat and Cholesterol Diet and Alcohol in Rats","volume":"35","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.05.013","article-title":"The Olive Constituent Oleuropein, as a PPAR\u03b1 Agonist, Markedly Reduces Serum Triglycerides","volume":"59","author":"Malliou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01419E","article-title":"Gymnemic Acid Alleviates Inflammation and Insulin Resistance via PPAR\u03b4- and NF\u03baB-Mediated Pathways in Db\/Db Mice","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00027E","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg2 Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and Suppresses Obesity in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice through the AMPK Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5252","article-title":"Soyasaponins Aa and Ab Exert an Anti-Obesity Effect in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes through Downregulation of PPAR\u03b3","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Nam, K.H., Yi, S.A., Park, J.W., Han, J.-W., and Lee, J. (2020). Ginsenoside Rg3 Induces Browning of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Activating AMPK Signaling. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020427"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.09.064","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 Promotes Browning through Regulation of PPAR\u03b3 in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes","volume":"466","author":"Mu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20020508","article-title":"CCAAT\/Enhancer-Binding Proteins: Structure, Function and Regulation","volume":"365","author":"Ramji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-G., Lee, Y.-J., Jang, M.-H., Kwon, T.-R., and Nam, J.-O. (2017). Panax Ginseng Leaf Extracts Exert Anti-Obesity Effects in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090999"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00558","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh1 Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice by Inhibiting Adipocyte Differentiation","volume":"36","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10923","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02438A","article-title":"Isoquercitrin from Apocynum venetum L. Produces an Anti-Obesity Effect on Obese Mice by Targeting C-1-Tetrahydrofolate Synthase, Carbonyl Reductase, and Glutathione S-Transferase P and Modification of the AMPK\/SREBP-1c\/FAS\/CD36 Signaling Pathway in Mice In Vivo","volume":"13","author":"Manzoor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, K., Wu, F., Chen, G., Dong, H., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Xu, L., Zou, X., and Lu, F. (2019). Diosgenin Ameliorates Palmitic Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation via AMPK\/ACC\/CPT-1A and SREBP-1c\/FAS Signaling Pathways in LO2 Cells. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2671-9"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154219","article-title":"Saikosaponin D Attenuates Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease by Coordinately Tuning PPAR\u03b1 and INSIG\/SREBP1c Pathway","volume":"103","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15696","article-title":"Soyasaponin Ameliorates Obesity and Reduces Hepatic Triacylglycerol Accumulation by Suppressing Lipogenesis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice","volume":"86","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2015.01.024","article-title":"Molecular Decodification of Gymnemic Acids from Gymnema Sylvestre. Discovery of a New Class of Liver X Receptor Antagonists","volume":"96","author":"Renga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The Gut-Liver Axis in Liver Disease: Pathophysiological Basis for Therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09512-0","article-title":"Dietary Lipids, Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Schoeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Huang, J., Sun, M., Jiang, Y., Wang, S., Wang, L., Yu, N., Peng, D., Wang, Y., and Chen, W. (2023). Poria Cocos Polysaccharide Improves Intestinal Barrier Function and Maintains Intestinal Homeostasis in Mice. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 249.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125953"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.077","article-title":"Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiome and Gut Barrier to Hepatic Disorders","volume":"159","author":"Chopyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.04.010","article-title":"Saponins Regulate Intestinal Inflammation in Colon Cancer and IBD","volume":"144","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108015","article-title":"Dioscin Prevents DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice with Enhancing Intestinal Barrier Function and Reducing Colon Inflammation","volume":"99","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00242A","article-title":"The Protective Effect of Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponin on Intestinal Health in Antibiotic-Treated Mice","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.153039","article-title":"The Combination of Ilexhainanoside D and Ilexsaponin A1 Reduces Liver Inflammation and Improves Intestinal Barrier Function in Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"63","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03026D","article-title":"Ginsenoside CK Ameliorates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation via Activating the LKB1\/AMPK Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zhang, L., Liu, J., Chan, A.S.C., and Li, D. (2023). Saponins of Tomato Extract Improve Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Lipid Homeostasis. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12101848"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1021\/jf502990n","article-title":"Protective Effect of Panax Notoginseng Saponins on Acute Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury Is Associated with Ameliorating Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Reducing Ethanol-Mediated Oxidative Stress","volume":"63","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6749","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204819","article-title":"Alleviation of D-Gal-Induced Senile Liver Injury by Rg3, a Signature Component of Red Ginseng","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111572","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids: Microbial Metabolites for Gut-Brain Axis Signalling","volume":"546","author":"Collins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.02.001","article-title":"Microbial Regulation of Host Physiology by Short-Chain Fatty Acids","volume":"29","author":"Wells","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Health and Disease","volume":"121","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Zhang, P., Shen, L., Niu, L., Tan, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, Y., Bai, L., Hao, X., and Li, X. (2020). Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Association with Signalling Pathways in Inflammation, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176356"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.056","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Activate GPR41 and GPR43 on Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Promote Inflammatory Responses in Mice","volume":"145","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03880-9","article-title":"Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inhibiting HDAC and Activating P38 MAPK Are Critical for Promoting B10 Cell Generation and Function","volume":"12","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Landskron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03147C","article-title":"Seabuckthorn Polysaccharide Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity by Gut Microbiota-SCFAs-Liver Axis","volume":"13","author":"Lan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1213","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Protect Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via a PPAR\u03b3-Dependent Switch from Lipogenesis to Fat Oxidation","volume":"64","author":"Bleeker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.12.028","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Promote Liver Regeneration through Hepatic Membrane Phospholipid Biosynthesis","volume":"78","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3860","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00347","article-title":"Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Protects against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice through Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Restoration of Intestinal Barrier","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114033","article-title":"Regulating the Gut Microbiota and SCFAs in the Faeces of T2DM Rats Should Be One of Antidiabetic Mechanisms of Mogrosides in the Fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii","volume":"274","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, P., Yang, X., Yang, Z., Huang, W., Kou, J., and Li, F. (2019). Akebia Saponin D Regulates the Metabolome and Intestinal Microbiota in High Fat Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemic Rats. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071268"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, K., Ma, C., Wang, C., Zhou, H., Gong, L., Zhang, Y., and Li, Y. (2022). Forsythiaside A Alleviated Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Modulating Gut Microbiota Composition to Increase Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Restoring Bile Acids Metabolism Disorder. Biomed. Pharmacother., 151.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113185"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116215","article-title":"Pulsatilla Chinensis Saponins Improve SCFAs Regulating GPR43-NLRP3 Signaling Pathway in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"308","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.153937","article-title":"Xanthoceraside Exerts Anti-Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Effect by Remodeling Gut Microbiota and Modulating Microbial-Derived Metabolites Level in Rats","volume":"98","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.02.004","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Bile Acids in Intestinal Immunity, Inflammation, and Tumorigenesis","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2022.101210","article-title":"Bile Acids and Their Receptors in Regulation of Gut Health and Diseases","volume":"89","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2017.03.003","article-title":"Bile Acid Analysis in Human Disorders of Bile Acid Biosynthesis","volume":"56","author":"Vaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949095","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1949095","article-title":"Effect of Different Bile Acids on the Intestine through Enterohepatic Circulation Based on FXR","volume":"13","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.04.029","article-title":"Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR): Structures and Ligands","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27910","article-title":"Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor Puts a Fresh Coat of Wax on Fatty Liver","volume":"62","author":"Tuominen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0663","article-title":"An Intestinal Farnesoid X Receptor\u2013Ceramide Signaling Axis Modulates Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Mice","volume":"66","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16602","article-title":"Review Article: Therapeutic Aspects of Bile Acid Signalling in the Gut-Liver Axis","volume":"54","author":"Simbrunner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2014.12.009","article-title":"Bile Acids and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 2 in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Kwong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5424","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76289","article-title":"TGR5 Reduces Macrophage Migration through mTOR-Induced C\/EBP\u03b2 Differential Translation","volume":"124","author":"Perino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154982","article-title":"Red Ginseng Extracts Ameliorate High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance by Activating the Intestinal TGR5-Mediated Bile Acids Signaling Pathway","volume":"119","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.01.005","article-title":"Reversal of Metabolic Disorders by Pharmacological Activation of Bile Acid Receptors TGR5 and FXR","volume":"9","author":"Jadhav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05383-2","article-title":"Long Noncoding RNA Licensing of Obesity-Linked Hepatic Lipogenesis and NAFLD Pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03142F","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 Activates Brown Adipose Tissue to Counteract Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice by Regulating Gut Microbes and Bile Acid Composition","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106621","article-title":"Diosgenin Alleviates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis through Affecting Liver-Gut Circulation","volume":"187","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103155","article-title":"Saikosaponin a Ameliorates Diet-Induced Fatty Liver via Regulating Intestinal Microbiota and Bile Acid Profile in Laying Hens","volume":"102","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110008","article-title":"Cholesterol and Bile Acid Balance in Macaca Fascicularis. Effects of Alfalfa Saponins","volume":"67","author":"Malinow","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109812","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine-N-Oxide: A Bridge between Dietary Fatty Acid and Cardiovascular Disease?","volume":"138","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0939-6","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)-Induced Atherosclerosis Is Associated with Bile Acid Metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2014.03.001","article-title":"Dietary Trimethylamine N-Oxide Exacerbates Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet","volume":"118","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105884","article-title":"Unraveling the Metabolic Pathway of Choline-TMA-TMAO: Effects of Gypenosides and Implications for the Therapy of TMAO Related Diseases","volume":"173","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111929","article-title":"Relationship between Antimicrobial Activity and Amphipathic Structure of Ginsenosides","volume":"143","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Chai, X., Geng, W.-C., Zhang, L., Ding, F., Guo, D.-S., and Wang, Y. (2021). Facile and Label-Free Fluorescence Strategy for Evaluating the Influence of Bioactive Ingredients on FMO3 Activity via Supramolecular Host-Guest Reporter Pair. Biosens. Bioelectron., 192.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113488"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15489","article-title":"Spirulina Platensis Alleviates Chronic Inflammation with Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Permeability in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134232","article-title":"Phenolics from Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Alleviate Obesity in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice via Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Mitigating Intestinal Damage","volume":"402","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2020.1829800","article-title":"Gypenosides Improves Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet Induced through Regulating LPS\/TLR4 Signaling Pathway","volume":"19","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6394199","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6394199","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant Mito-TEMPO against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in Mouse","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebrun, L.J., Pallot, G., Nguyen, M., Tavernier, A., Dusuel, A., Pilot, T., Deckert, V., Dugail, I., Le Guern, N., and Pais De Barros, J.-P. (2022). Increased Weight Gain and Insulin Resistance in HF-Fed PLTP Deficient Mice Is Related to Altered Inflammatory Response and Plasma Transport of Gut-Derived LPS. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113226"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.09.045","article-title":"An Intestine-Derived HDL as a Novel Regulator of the Activity of Gut-Derived LPS: Ushering in a New Era of Research on the Gut-Liver Axis","volume":"162","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Liu, S., Kong, L., Wu, S., Zhong, Z., Yu, L., Yang, Q., Zhang, J., Li, J., and Zheng, G. (2023). Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Persistent Inflammation Ameliorates Fat Accumulation by Promoting Adipose Browning In Vitro and In Vivo. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 252.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126511"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-021-10138-1","article-title":"Gut-Liver Axis Modulation of Panax Notoginseng Saponins in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0427-1","article-title":"Sarsasapogenin Improves Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/10\/1514\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:44:03Z","timestamp":1760107443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/10\/1514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16101514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16101514","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]}}}