{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T21:40:58Z","timestamp":1770068458398,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Factors Group of Nutritional Companies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate and compare bioavailability and safety of two Vitamin D3 formulations (softgels) in healthy adults, at single daily doses of 1000 and 2500 IU, over a 60-day period. A total of 69 participants were initially screened for eligibility in a double-blind randomized study with a four-arm parallel design; 35 participants were randomized to treatment groups: (1) standard Vitamin D3 1000 IU (STD1000), (2) micellar Vitamin D3 1000 IU (LMD1000), (3) standard Vitamin D3 2500 IU (STD2500), and (4) micellar Vitamin D3 2500 IU (LMD2500). Serum Vitamin D concentrations were determined through calcifediol [25(OH)D] at baseline (=before treatment), at day 5, 10, and 15 (=during treatment), at day 30 (=end of treatment), and at day 45 and 60 (=during follow-up\/post treatment). Safety markers and minerals were evaluated at baseline and at day 30 and day 60. The pharmacokinetic parameters with respect to iAUC were found to be significantly different between LMD1000 vs. STD1000: iAUC(5\u201360): 992 \u00b1 260 vs. 177 \u00b1 140 nmol day\/L; p &lt; 0.05, suggesting up to 6 times higher Vitamin D3 absorption of LMD when measured incrementally. During follow-up, participants in the LMD1000 treatment group showed approx. 7 times higher Vitamin D3 concentrations than the STD1000 group (iAUC(30\u201360): 680 \u00b1 190 vs. 104 \u00b1 91 nmol day\/L; p &lt; 0.05). However, no significant differences were found between the pharmacokinetics of the higher dosing groups STD2500 and LMD2500. No significant changes in serum 1,25(OH)2D concentrations or other biochemical safety markers were detected at day 60; no excess risks of hypercalcemia (i.e., total serum calcium &gt; 2.63 mmol\/L) or other adverse events were identified. LMD, a micellar delivery vehicle for microencapsulating Vitamin D3 (LipoMicel\u00ae), proved to be safe and only showed superior bioavailability when compared to standard Vitamin D at the lower dose of 1000 IU. This study has clinical trial registration: NCT05209425.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T03:49:03Z","timestamp":1716436143000},"page":"1573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Comparison and Safety Evaluation of Micellar versus Standard Vitamin D3 Oral Supplementation in a Randomized, Double-Blind Human Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2784-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Solnier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N4S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8843-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuck","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N4S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N4S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5483-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Chai","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N4S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8118-2683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N4S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoon Seok","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISURA, Clinical Research, Burnaby, BC V3N4S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factors Group of Nutritional Companies Ltd., Burnaby, BC V3N4S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Brix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factors Group of Nutritional Companies Ltd., Burnaby, BC V3N4S9, Canada"},{"name":"Brix Wellness, Ltd., Victoria, BC V8Z 3E9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland J.","family":"Gahler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factors Group of Nutritional Companies Ltd., Burnaby, BC V3N4S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"},{"name":"InovoBiologic Inc., Calgary, AB Y2N4Y7, Canada"},{"name":"Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6335681","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6335681","article-title":"Vitamin D Review: The Low Hanging Fruit for Human Health","volume":"2021","author":"Mungai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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