{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:42:11Z","timestamp":1790034131984,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU","award":["01EW1906A-01EW1906B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EW1906A-01EW1906B"]}]},{"name":"EU","award":["01EW1906A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EW1906A"]}]},{"name":"EU","award":["SE 2787\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE 2787\/3-1"]}]},{"name":"EU","award":["DE1614\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE1614\/4-1"]}]},{"name":"EU","award":["EXC2167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2167"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["01EW1906A-01EW1906B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EW1906A-01EW1906B"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["01EW1906A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EW1906A"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["SE 2787\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE 2787\/3-1"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["DE1614\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE1614\/4-1"]}]},{"name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","award":["EXC2167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2167"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["01EW1906A-01EW1906B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EW1906A-01EW1906B"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["01EW1906A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EW1906A"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["SE 2787\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SE 2787\/3-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["DE1614\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE1614\/4-1"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["EXC2167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC2167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder that predominantly affects females and typically manifests during adolescence. There is increasing evidence that serum cytokine levels are altered in individuals with AN. Previous research has largely focused on adult patients, assuming a low-grade pro-inflammatory state. The serum levels of the cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6 and IL-15, which are pro-inflammatory, were examined in 63 female adolescents with AN and 41 age-matched healthy controls (HC). We included three time points (admission, discharge, and 1-year follow-up) and investigated the clinical data to assess whether the gut microbiota was associated with cytokine alterations. Relative to the HC group, serum levels of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 were significantly lower during the acute phase (admission) of AN. IL-1\u03b2 expression was normalised to control levels after weight recovery. TNF-\u03b1 levels were not significantly different between the AN and HC groups. IL-15 levels were significantly elevated in patients with AN at all time points. We found associations between cytokines and bodyweight, illness duration, depressive symptoms, and the microbiome. In contrast to most findings for adults, we observed lower levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 in adolescent patients, whereas the level of IL-15 was consistently increased. Thus, the presence of inflammatory dysregulation suggests a varied rather than uniform pro-inflammatory state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T11:37:13Z","timestamp":1716464233000},"page":"1596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cytokine and Microbiome Changes in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa at Admission, Discharge, and One-Year Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4217-1951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"K\u00e4ver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"West German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (WZKJ), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3090-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Voelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"West German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (WZKJ), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Specht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Thelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (WZKJ), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, LVR University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3079-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigitte","family":"Dahmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (WZKJ), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0330-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia Andrea","family":"Andreani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306 Pl\u00f6n, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Tenbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (WZKJ), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstra\u00dfe 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology, Inselspital University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Biemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Paul-List-Stra\u00dfe 13\/15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Borucki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2618-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Dempfle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Brunswicker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Baines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306 Pl\u00f6n, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3926-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cordian","family":"Beyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8450-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Herpertz-Dahlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (WZKJ), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50931 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"West German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (WZKJ), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0110-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochen","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, LVR University Hospital Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, 45147 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"West German Center for Child and Adolescent Health (WZKJ), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.08.003","article-title":"Adolescent eating disorders: Update on definitions, symptomatology, epidemiology, and comorbidity","volume":"24","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. 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