{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T01:36:52Z","timestamp":1783474612456,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has shown potential benefits in the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD); however, the impact of omega-3 fatty acid levels on CHD risk remains a subject of debate. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between n-3 PUFA levels and the risk of CHD, with particular reference to the subtypes of n-3 PUFA. Methods: Prospective studies and retrospective case-control studies analyzing n-3 PUFA levels in CHD, published up to 30 July 2022, were selected. A random effects meta-analysis was used for pooled assessment, with relative risks (RRs) expressed as 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and standardized mean differences expressed as weight mean differences (WMDs). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to assess the impact of n-3 PUFA exposure interval on the CHD subtype variables of the study. Results: We included 20 prospective studies (cohort and nested case-control) and 16 retrospective case-control studies, in which n-3 PUFAs were measured. Higher levels of n-3 PUFAs (ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA, EPA + DHA, total n-3 PUFAs) were associated with a reduced risk of CHD, with RRs (95% CI) of 0.89 (0.81, 0.98), 0.83 (0.72, 0.96); 0.80 (0.67,0.95), 0.75 (0.64, 0.87), 0.83 (0.73, 0.95), and 0.80 (0.70, 0.93), respectively, p &lt; 0.05. CHD patients had significantly lower n-3 PUFA levels compared to healthy controls (p &lt; 0.05). In the subgroup analysis, a significant inverse trend was found for both fatal CHD and non-fatal CHD with n-3 PUFA (EPA + DHA) levels. Also, the link between n-3 PUFA levels in erythrocytes with total CHD was generally stronger than other lipid pools. Conclusions: n-3 PUFAs are significantly related to CHD risk, and these findings support the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs on CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T05:14:02Z","timestamp":1716786842000},"page":"1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Circulating Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels in Coronary Heart Disease: Pooled Analysis of 36 Observational Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8169-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Pingxiang People\u2019s Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Pingxiang 337000, China"},{"name":"Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Pietzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7510-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulf","family":"Elbelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5361-4327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten H.","family":"Weylandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)91490-9","article-title":"H\u00e6mostatic Function and Platelet Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Eskimos","volume":"314","author":"Dyerberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.5.1146","article-title":"and Katan, M.B. 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