{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:47:07Z","timestamp":1788479227210,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,26]],"date-time":"2024-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD) in adults is based on clinical, serological and histological criteria. The inappropriate performance of intestinal biopsies, non-specificity of mild histological lesions and initiation of a gluten-free diet (GFD) before biopsy may hamper the diagnosis. In these situations, determining the intraepithelial lymphogram of the duodenum by flow cytometry (IEL-FC) can be helpful. Objectives: To describe the clinical scenarios in which the IEL-FC is used and its impact on the diagnosis of CD. Methods: All adult patients with suspected CD at three tertiary centres for whom the duodenal histology and IEL-FC were available were identified. Catassi and Fasano\u2019s diagnostic criteria and changes to a CD diagnosis after the IEL-FCs were collected. Results: A total of 348 patients were included. The following indications for an IEL-FC formed part of the initial study for CD (38%): negative conventional work-up (32%), already on a GFD before duodenal biopsies (29%) and refractoriness to a GFD (2%). The IEL-FC facilitated a definitive diagnosis in 93% of patients with an uncertain diagnosis who had had a conventional work-up for CD or who were on a GFD before histology. Conclusions: The IEL-FC facilitates the confirmation or rejection of a diagnosis of CD in clinical scenarios in which a conventional work-up may be insufficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T05:14:02Z","timestamp":1716786842000},"page":"1633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Usefulness of Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Immunophenotype Testing for the Diagnosis of Coeliac Disease in Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Rios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08029 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2335-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margalida","family":"Calafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08029 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1723-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Roig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aina","family":"Teniente-Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08029 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laia","family":"Verg\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, 25198 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0164-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mu\u00f1oza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Vayreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans 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