{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:33:26Z","timestamp":1791945206863,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFF1103802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1103802"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver cancer ranks third globally among causes of cancer-related deaths, posing a significant public health challenge. However, current treatments are inadequate, prompting a growing demand for novel, safe, and effective therapies. Natural products (NPs) have emerged as promising candidates in drug development due to their diverse biological activities, low toxicity, and minimal side effects. This paper begins by reviewing existing treatment methods and drugs for liver cancer. It then summarizes the therapeutic effects of NPs sourced from various origins on liver cancer. Finally, we analyze the potential mechanisms of NPs in treating liver cancer, including inhibition of angiogenesis, migration, and invasion; regulation of the cell cycle; induction of apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis; influence on tumor metabolism; immune regulation; regulation of intestinal function; and regulation of key signaling pathways. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of NPs research in liver cancer treatment, offering a foundation for further development and application in pharmaceuticals and functional foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T08:36:22Z","timestamp":1716798982000},"page":"1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Therapeutic Effects of Natural Products on Liver Cancer and Their Potential Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6086-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-8873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diandian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2453-8780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaxi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7579-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiqi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaigai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Department, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00552","article-title":"Liver, Tumor and Viral Hepatitis: Key Players in the Complex Balance Between Tolerance and Immune Activation","volume":"11","author":"Pasetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S61146","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: A review","volume":"3","author":"Balogh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2021.113690","article-title":"Treatment for liver cancer: From sorafenib to natural products","volume":"224","author":"Man","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0191","article-title":"Sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma from mild to advanced stage liver cirrhosis","volume":"14","author":"Pinter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2017.0108","article-title":"Treatment options after sorafenib failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Dika","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795548","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.795548","article-title":"Recent Progress in Understanding the Action of Natural Compounds at Novel Therapeutic Drug Targets for the Treatment of Liver Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029601","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1029601","article-title":"The pathogenesis of liver cancer and the therapeutic potential of bioactive substances","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24908","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition staging system for patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): A Surveillance, Epidemiology, End Results (SEER) analysis","volume":"117","author":"Kamarajah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-010-0985-4","article-title":"The American Joint Committee on Cancer: The 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM","volume":"17","author":"Edge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.6.1527","article-title":"Simplified Staging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Vauthey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(92)90400-L","article-title":"Indocyanine green clearance as a predictor of successful hepatic resection in cirrhotic patients","volume":"163","author":"Hemming","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2016.05.03","article-title":"Liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Kamo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"10","article-title":"A US multicenter analysis of 2529 HCC patients undergoing liver transplantation: 10-year outcome assessing the role of down-staging to within Milan criteria","volume":"70","author":"Tabrizian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30427-1","article-title":"Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"394","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000521665","article-title":"Surgery versus Radiofrequency Ablation for Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Randomized Controlled Trial (SURF Trial)","volume":"11","author":"Takayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-01943-2","article-title":"Current status of the combination therapy of transarterial chemoembolization and local ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29086","article-title":"Aasld guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Heimbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy510","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"30","author":"Vogel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000514174","article-title":"Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Japan: JSH Consensus Statements and Recommendations 2021 Update","volume":"10","author":"Kudo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30207-1","article-title":"Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial","volume":"391","author":"Kudo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00264-x","article-title":"Targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1717002","article-title":"Cabozantinib in Patients with Advanced and Progressing Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"379","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32453-9","article-title":"Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"389","author":"Bruix","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.019","article-title":"Berberine attenuates nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis through the AMPK-SREBP-1c-SCD1 pathway","volume":"141","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i10.1412","article-title":"Current systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: A review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03276-y","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing reveals the origin and evolution of hepato-cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"631","article-title":"Research progress in radiotherapy for liver cancers","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02030-5","article-title":"Cellular based immunotherapy for primary liver cancer","volume":"40","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Fang, C., Luo, J., Gong, C., Wang, L., and Zhu, S. (2024). Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cancer Treatment. Am. J. Chin. Med., 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X24500253"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S413996","article-title":"An Overview of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment After Radical Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.111","article-title":"Antitumor effect of a polysaccharide from Pseudostellaria heterophylla through reversing tumor-associated macrophages phenotype","volume":"220","author":"Pu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.088","article-title":"Activation effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides liposomes on murine peritoneal macrophages","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, L., Liu, S., Li, X., He, J., He, L., Li, Y., Yang, C., Li, Y., Hua, Y., and Guo, J. (2023). The Large Molecular Weight Polysaccharide from Wild Cordyceps and Its Antitumor Activity on H22 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083351"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.04.008","article-title":"Suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma by Ulva lactuca ulvan via gut microbiota and metabolite interactions","volume":"52","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118289","article-title":"New insights into the anti- hepatoma mechanism of triple-helix \u03b2- glucan by metabolomics profiling","volume":"269","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147641","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1147641","article-title":"Immunomodulatory function and anti-tumor mechanism of natural polysaccharides: A review","volume":"14","author":"Ying","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.054","article-title":"The structural characteristics of an acid-soluble polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa and its antitumor effects on H22-bearing mice","volume":"158","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.053","article-title":"Structural characterization of a novel polysaccharide from Pleurotus citrinopileatus and its antitumor activity on H22 tumor-bearing mice","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO02191A","article-title":"The anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum by regulating macrophage polarization via the MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.073","article-title":"Structural characterization of a low molecular weight Bletilla striata polysaccharide and antitumor activity on H22 tumor-bearing mice","volume":"205","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Dai, K., and Li, M. (2022). Preparation of Water-Soluble Acetylaminoglucan with Low Molecular Weight and Its Anti-Tumor Activity on H22 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217273"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, S., Chang, M., Liu, H., Ding, S., Yan, Z., Si, K., and Gong, T. (2022). The Structural Characteristics of an Acidic Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Bupleurum chinense DC and Its In Vivo Anti-Tumor Activity on H22 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14061119"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Li, M., Liu, H., Zhang, S., Wang, B., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., and Zhang, M. (2023). Polysaccharide of Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr: Preliminary characterization and antitumor activity in vivo. Food Biosci., 56.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.103387"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2022.07.056","article-title":"A heteropolysaccharide from Rhodiola rosea L.: Preparation, purification and anti-tumor activities in H22-bearing mice","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.02.034","article-title":"Dandelion polysaccharides exert anticancer effect on Hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway and enhancing immune response","volume":"55","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7184760","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7184760","article-title":"The Effects of Dandelion Polysaccharides on Iron Metabolism by Regulating Hepcidin via JAK\/STAT Signaling Pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-022-10086-4","article-title":"A water-soluble polysaccharide from Eucommia folium: The structural characterization and anti-tumor activity in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653902","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.653902","article-title":"Fucoidan Inhibits the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Causing lncRNA LINC00261 Overexpression","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8338","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16793","article-title":"Novel polysaccharide extracted from Sipunculus nudus inhibits HepG2 tumour growth in vivo by enhancing immune function and inducing tumour cell apoptosis","volume":"25","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., Wang, L., Chen, X., Zhao, Y., Yang, A., Huang, H., Ouyang, L., Pang, D., Xie, J., and Liu, D. (2023). DHMMF, a natural flavonoid from Resina Draconis, inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression via inducing apoptosis and G2\/M phase arrest mediated by DNA damage-driven upregulation of p21. Biochem. Pharmacol., 211.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115518"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11287","article-title":"Sinensetin suppresses angiogenesis in liver cancer by targeting the VEGF\/VEGFR2\/AKT signaling pathway","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609295","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.609295","article-title":"Icaritin Induces Anti-tumor Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Splenic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Generation","volume":"12","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baby, J., Devan, A.R., Kumar, A.R., Gorantla, J.N., Nair, B., Aishwarya, T.S., and Nath, L.R. (2021). Cogent role of flavonoids as key orchestrators of chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: A review. J. Food Biochem., 45.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13761"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154869","article-title":"Neobavaisoflavone induces pyroptosis of liver cancer cells via Tom20 sensing the activated ROS signal","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-02050-5","article-title":"Isorhamnetin exerts anti-tumor activity in DEN\u2009+\u2009CCl4-induced HCC mice","volume":"40","author":"Sarkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173810","article-title":"H19-Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin regulatory axis mediates the suppressive effects of apigenin on tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"893","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, A., Zhang, P., Sun, Z., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Liu, X., Wang, D., and Meng, Z. (2021). Lysionotin induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via caspase-3 mediated mitochondrial pathway. Chem. -Biol. Interact., 344.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109500"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02468-8","article-title":"Kaempferide exhibits an anticancer effect against hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo","volume":"396","author":"Chandrababu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153174","article-title":"Wogonin inhibits cell cycle progression by activating the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"68","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019670","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1019670","article-title":"Total flavonoids of Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. suppresses the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma through endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S270124","article-title":"ISL Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Downregulation of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Pathway in vivo and in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Qi, L., Chen, H., and Tian, G. (2022). Involvement of NF-\u03baB\/PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway in the protective effect of prunetin against a diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis in rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 36.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23016"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105824","article-title":"Baicalein and baicalin promote antitumor immunity by suppressing PD-L1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"75","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo\u2019men, Y.S., Hussein, R.M., and Kandeil, M.A. (2019). Involvement of PI3K\/Akt pathway in the protective effect of hesperidin against a chemically induced liver cancer in rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 33.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22305"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badroon, N., Abdul Majid, N., Al-Suede, F., Nazari, V.M., Giribabu, N., Abdul Majid, A., Eid, E., and Alshawsh, M. (2020). Cardamonin Exerts Antitumor Effect on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Athymic Nude Mice through Inhibiting NF-\u03ba\u03b2 Pathway. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8120586"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10632","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01321A","article-title":"Safflower yellow reduces DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma by enhancing liver immune infiltration through promotion of collagen degradation and modulation of gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1826","article-title":"Daidzin inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma survival by interfering with the glycolytic\/gluconeogenic pathway through downregulation of TPI1","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-023-04511-z","article-title":"Salvigenin Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Glycolysis and Chemoresistance Through Inactivating the PI3K\/AKT\/GSK-3\u03b2 Pathway","volume":"195","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1934578X20903555","article-title":"Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-023-00512-1","article-title":"Anticancer effect of terpenes: Focus on malignant melanoma","volume":"75","author":"Cabaj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2174\/1574892815666201002162315","article-title":"Terpenes with Antitumor Activity: A Patent Review","volume":"15","author":"Serafini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Anti-Cancer Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, Y., Huo, R., Su, W., Xu, W., Qiu, Z., Wang, W., and Qiu, Y. (2023). The anticancer mechanism of Terpenoid-based drug candi-dates: Focus on tumor microenvironment. Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520623666230522163123"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2017.10.004","article-title":"Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: A review for use in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-023-02070-w","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh4 inhibits inflammation-related hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting HDAC4\/IL-6\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"298","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583334","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.583334","article-title":"Ginsenoside Compound K Regulates HIF-1\u03b1-Mediated Glycolysis Through Bclaf1 to Inhibit the Proliferation of Human Liver Cancer Cells","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.03.006","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rk3 is a novel PI3K\/AKT-targeting therapeutics agent that regulates autophagy and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155131","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh2 and its octyl ester derivative inhibited invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via the c-Jun\/COX2\/PGE2 pathway","volume":"121","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108316","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effects of ginsenoside derivative Rh2-O on splenic lymphocytes in H22 tumor-bearing mice is partially mediated by TLR4","volume":"101","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105441","article-title":"Betulinic acid inhibits growth of hepatoma cells through activating the NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy pathway","volume":"102","author":"Xiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16682","article-title":"Triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum inhibited S180 sarcoma and H22 hepatoma in mice by regulating gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Ma, X., and Fan, D. (2021). Ginsenoside CK Inhibits Hypoxia-Induced Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transformation through the HIF-1\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB Feedback Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061195"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8573","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2023.8573","article-title":"Saikosaponin b2 inhibits tumor angiogenesis in liver cancer via down-regulation of VEGF\/ERK\/HIF-1\u03b1 signaling","volume":"50","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, C., Gao, Z., Lv, X., Zhu, Y., Li, R., and Li, S. (2023). Saikosaponin-b2 Inhibits Primary Liver Cancer by Regulating the STK4\/IRAK1\/NF-\u03baB Pathway. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11102859"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154903","article-title":"Amelioratory effects of astragaloside IV on hepatocarcinogenesis via Nrf2-mediated pSmad3C\/3L transformation","volume":"117","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654986","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.654986","article-title":"Dihydrotanshinone inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing the JAK2\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153556","article-title":"Pseudolaric acid B triggers cell apoptosis by activating AMPK\/JNK\/DRP1\/mitochondrial fission pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"493","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, X., Sun, F., Deng, K., Lin, G., Yin, W., Chen, H., Yang, D., Liu, K., Zhang, Y., and Huang, L. (2022). Mallotucin D, a Clerodane Diterpenoid from Croton crassifolius, Suppresses HepG2 Cell Growth via Inducing Autophagic Cell Death and Pyroptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214217"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7689045","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7689045","article-title":"A Marine Terpenoid, Heteronemin, Induces Both the Apoptosis and Ferroptosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells and Involves the ROS and MAPK Pathways","volume":"2021","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Yang, S., Wang, K., Bao, X., Liu, Y., Zhou, S., Liu, H., Qiu, Y., Wang, T., and Yu, H. (2019). Alkaloids from Traditional Chinese Medicine against hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed. Pharmacother., 120.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109543"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"911","article-title":"Matrine inhibits the invasive and migratory properties of human hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S243383","article-title":"Anisodamine Suppressed the Growth of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells, Induced Apoptosis and Regulated the Levels of Inflammatory Factors by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154066","article-title":"Stachydrine hydrochloride inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression via LIF\/AMPK axis","volume":"100","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.64675","article-title":"Cepharanthine inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and proliferation by regulating amino acid metabolism and suppresses tumorigenesis in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12327","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2020.12327","article-title":"Effects of matrine in combination with cisplatin on liver cancer","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8294","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2022.8294","article-title":"Cepharanthine hydrochloride inhibits the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin\/Hedgehog signaling axis in liver cancer","volume":"47","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2020.7622","article-title":"Veratramine suppresses human HepG2 liver cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing autophagic cell death","volume":"44","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, P., Hu, L., Chen, Y., Wang, F., Xiao, Y., Tong, Z., Li, H., Xiang, M., Tong, Q., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Chaetocochin J exhibits anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect independent of hypoxia. Bioorganic Chem., 139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2023.106701"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16108","article-title":"Sophoridine suppresses lenvatinib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma growth by inhibiting RAS\/MEK\/ERK axis via decreasing VEGFR2 expression","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2019.4990","article-title":"Cyclovirobuxine D Exerts Anticancer Effects by Suppressing the EGFR-FAK-AKT\/ERK1\/2-Slug Signaling Pathway in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106140","article-title":"Piperlongumine synergistically enhances the antitumour activity of sorafenib by mediating ROS-AMPK activation and targeting CPSF7 in liver cancer","volume":"177","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113848","article-title":"Bufothionine Induces Autophagy in H22 Hepatoma-bearing Mice by Inhibiting JAK2\/STAT3 Pathway, a Possible Anti-cancer Mechanism of Cinobufacini","volume":"270","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111553","article-title":"Gasdermin D restricts anti-tumor immunity during PD-L1 checkpoint blockade","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S327270","article-title":"Ventilagolin Suppresses Migration, Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Downregulating Pim-1","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sufianova, G., Gareev, I., Beylerli, O., Wu, J., Shumadalova, A., Sufianov, A., Chen, X., and Zhao, S. (2022). Modern aspects of the use of natural polyphenols in tumor prevention and therapy. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1011435"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974896","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.974896","article-title":"Regulation of dietary polyphenols on cancer cell pyroptosis and the tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO00203A","article-title":"Tannins in Terminalia bellirica inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth by regulating EGFR-signaling and tumor immunity","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06267-3","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid inhibits proliferation in human hepatoma cells by suppressing noncanonical NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and triggering mitochondrial apoptosis","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-190427","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through down regulation of DJ-1","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Biomark."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S330499","article-title":"Curcumae Ameliorates Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Alteration of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Gut Microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11717","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103338","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits the malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via MARCH1-induced regulation of PTEN\/AKT signaling","volume":"12","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., Shi, A., Wang, N., Li, M., He, X., Yin, C., Tu, Q., Shen, X., Tao, Y., and Wang, Q. (2020). Polyphenolic Proanthocyanidin-B2 suppresses proliferation of liver cancer cells and hepatocellular carcinogenesis through directly binding and inhibiting AKT activity. Redox Biol., 37.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101701"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Na, W., Ma, B., Shi, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Zhan, Y., and An, H. (2020). Procyanidin B1, a novel and specific inhibitor of Kv10.1 channel, suppresses the evolution of hepatoma. Biochem. Pharmacol., 178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114089"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"srep05648","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05648","article-title":"Effects of several quinones on insulin aggregation","volume":"4","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, B., Zeng, Z., Xu, J., Shangwen, J., Ye, Z.J., Wang, S., Wu, Y., Peng, G., Wang, Q., and Gu, W. (2022). Emodin inhibits invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via regulating autophagy-mediated degradation of snail and \u03b2-catenin. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09684-0"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, H., Jia, W., Yu, Z., Zaib, T., Feng, J., Jiang, Y., Song, H., Bai, Y., Yang, B., and Feng, H. (2020). Emodin succinyl ester inhibits malignant proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing the interaction of AR and EZH2. Biomed. Pharmacother., 128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110244"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tadros, S.A., Attia, Y.M., Maurice, N.W., Fahim, S.A., Abdelwahed, F.M., Ibrahim, S., and Badary, O.A. (2022). Thymoquinone Suppresses Angiogenesis in DEN-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting miR-1-3p. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415904"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.263","article-title":"Plumbagin is a novel GPX4 protein degrader that induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"203","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Tian, Y., Zhong, W., Wang, N., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, J., Ma, F., and Zhao, Z. (2021). Artemisia argyi Essential Oil Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis via Suppression of DEPDC1 Dependent Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin Signaling Pathway. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.664791"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, E.V., de Souza, C.A.S., Galv\u00e3o, A.F.C., Silva, V.R., Santos, L.d.S., Dias, R.B., Rocha, C.A.G., Soares, M.B.P., da Silva, F.M.A., and Koolen, H.H.F. (2022). Duguetia pycnastera Sandwith (Annonaceae) Leaf Essential Oil Inhibits HepG2 Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175664"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, E.J.S.P.d., Fontes, S.S., Nogueira, M.L., Silva, V.R., Santos, L.d.S., D\u2019Elia, G.M.A., Dias, R.B., Sales, C.B.S., Rocha, C.A.G., and Vannier-Santos, M.A. (2020). Essential oil from leaves of Conobea scoparioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth. (Plantaginaceae) causes cell death in HepG2 cells and inhibits tumor development in a xenograft model. Biomed. Pharmacother., 129.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110402"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, F.P., da C Rodrigues, A.C.B., de Lima, E.J.S.P., Silva, V.R., de S Santos, L., da Anuncia\u00e7\u00e3o, T.A., Nogueira, M.L., Soares, M.B.P., Dias, R.B., and Gurgel Rocha, C.A. (2021). Essential Oil from Bark of Aniba parviflora (Meisn.) Mez (Lauraceae) Reduces HepG2 Cell Proliferation and Inhibits Tumor Development in a Xenograft Model. Chem. Biodivers., 18.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202000938"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nogueira, M.L., Lima, E.J.S.P.d., Adri\u00e3o, A.A.X., Fontes, S.S., Silva, V.R., Santos, L.d.S., Soares, M.B.P., Dias, R.B., Rocha, C.A.G., and Costa, E.V. (2020). Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae) Rhizome Essential Oil Causes Cell Cycle Arrest in the G2\/M Phase and Cell Death in HepG2 Cells and Inhibits the Development of Tumors in a Xenograft Model. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112687"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116493","article-title":"Essential oil of lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) induces S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells","volume":"312","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X.-F., Sheu, G.-T., Chang, K.-F., Huang, Y.-C., Hung, P.-H., and Tsai, N.-M. (2020). Pogostemon cablin Triggered ROS-Induced DNA Damage to Arrest Cell Cycle Progression and Induce Apoptosis on Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235639"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0552-1","article-title":"Bclaf1 promotes angiogenesis by regulating HIF-1\u03b1 transcription in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"38","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1213","article-title":"Combination Therapies for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Biomarkers and Unmet Needs","volume":"28","author":"Cappuyns","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.03.014","article-title":"Positive feedback loop between cancer stem cells and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"379","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.51407","article-title":"Asparagus Polysaccharide inhibits the Hypoxia-induced migration, invasion and angiogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells partly through regulating HIF1\u03b1\/VEGF expression via MAPK and PI3K signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Yucui, L., and Hongxing, Z. (2023). Research Overview on the Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Preventing and Treating Liver Cancer. J. Pract. Tradit. Chin. Intern. Med., 1\u20138."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827782","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.827782","article-title":"Extraction Optimization, Structural Characterization, and Anti-Hepatoma Activity of Acidic Polysaccharides From Scutellaria barbata D. Don","volume":"13","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155177","article-title":"Cucurbitacin B suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression through inducing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage-dependent cell cycle arrest","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"495","article-title":"Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death","volume":"35","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sage J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0341-y","article-title":"Targeting apoptosis in cancer therapy","volume":"17","author":"Carneiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.07.006","article-title":"Evading apoptosis in cancer","volume":"23","author":"Fernald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02105-5","article-title":"Protopine triggers apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway and regulation of ROS\/PI3K\/Akt signalling pathway in liver carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ichimiya, T., Yamakawa, T., Hirano, T., Yokoyama, Y., Hayashi, Y., Hirayama, D., Wagatsuma, K., Itoi, T., and Nakase, H. (2020). Autophagy and autophagy-related diseases: A review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238974"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S346047","article-title":"Current Perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicines and Active Ingredients in the Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22393","article-title":"Chemotherapy drugs induce pyroptosis through caspase-3 cleavage of a gasdermin","volume":"547","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.100","article-title":"Pyroptosis is driven by non-selective gasdermin-D pore and its morphology is different from MLKL channel-mediated necroptosis","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Ma, C., and Zhan, X. (2023). Ajmalicine induces the pyroptosis of hepatoma cells to exert the antitumor effect. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 38.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23614"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-3169","article-title":"HBx-induced HSPA8 stimulates HBV replication and suppresses ferroptosis to support liver cancer progression","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02420-x","article-title":"FTH promotes the proliferation and renders the HCC cells specifically resist to ferroptosis by maintaining iron homeostasis","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.8.6.519","article-title":"The metabolism of tumors in the body","volume":"8","author":"Warburg","year":"1927","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.02.024","article-title":"Increased tumor glycolysis characterizes immune resistance to adoptive T cell therapy","volume":"27","author":"Cascone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-18-0362","article-title":"A role for tryptophan-2, 3-dioxygenase in CD8 T-cell suppression and evidence of tryptophan catabolism in breast cancer patient plasma","volume":"17","author":"Greene","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02927","article-title":"Ovarian cancer-intrinsic fatty acid synthase prevents anti-tumor immunity by disrupting tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00681","article-title":"Global Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis Reveal the Synergistic Effect of Bufalin in Combination with Cinobufagin against HepG2 Cells","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, Z., Devalaraja, S., Li, M., To, T.K.J., Folkert, I.W., Mitchell-Velasquez, E., Dang, M.T., Young, P., Wilbur, C.J., and Silverman, M.A. (2020). Counter Regulation of Spic by NF-\u03baB and STAT Signaling Controls Inflammation and Iron Metabolism in Macrophages. Cell Rep., 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107825"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.120","article-title":"Characterization of a polysaccharide from Eupolyphaga sinensis walker and its effective antitumor activity via lymphocyte activation","volume":"162","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829346","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1829346","article-title":"Resveratrol exerts antitumor effects by downregulating CD8+CD122+ Tregs in murine hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anfray, C., Ummarino, A., And\u00f3n, F.T., and Allavena, P. (2019). Current Strategies to Target Tumor-Associated-Macrophages to Improve Anti-Tumor Immune Responses. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010046"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7819520","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7819520","article-title":"Preclinical and Clinical Therapeutic Strategies Affecting Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"2018","author":"Degroote","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117472","article-title":"Cinobufacini injection delays hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating lipid metabolism via SREBP1 signaling pathway and affecting macrophage polarization","volume":"321","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"222","article-title":"Research progress on the mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine regulating intestinal functionin the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma based on the gut liver axis","volume":"32","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Tradit. West. Med. Dig."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"314","article-title":"Improvement and Mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides and Its Flora Metabolites on Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905233","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201905233","article-title":"Nanoparticle conjugation of ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma development and metastasis","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30036","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with gut microbiota profile and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"69","author":"Ponziani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19355","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8466","article-title":"Distinctly altered gut microbiota in the progression of liver disease","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155225","article-title":"Stigmasterol: Remodeling Gut Microbiota and Suppressing Tumor Growth through Treg and CD8+ T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"129","author":"Huo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., He, R., Zhong, H., Liu, S., Liu, X., Hussain, M., and Sun, P. (2023). A cold-water extracted polysaccharide-protein complex from Grifola frondosa exhibited anti-tumor activity via TLR4-NF-\u03baB signaling activation and gut microbiota modification in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124291"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2011.05.010","article-title":"The Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway as a therapeutic target in human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Dahmani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"2531493","article-title":"p53-Mediated PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Pathway Played a Role in PtoxDpt-Induced EMT Inhibition in Liver Cancer Cell Lines","volume":"2019","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"7940","article-title":"IL-9 promotes proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular cancer cells by activating JAK2\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"10","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6160783","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6160783","article-title":"Preoperative Serum IL6, IL8, and TNF-\u03b1 May Predict the Recurrence of Hepatocellular Cancer","volume":"2019","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117424","article-title":"Evodiamine inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the Hippo-Yes-Associated Protein signaling pathway","volume":"251","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250090","article-title":"Mechanism of action of cordycepin in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma via regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D.-L., Liao, Z.-D., Chen, F.-F., Zhang, W., Ren, Y.-S., Wang, C.-C., Chen, X.-X., Peng, D.-Y., and Kong, L.-Y. (2019). Benzophenones from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. Exhibit Anticancer Activity in HepG2 Cells via the NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24122246"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/287795a0","article-title":"Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila","volume":"287","author":"Wieschaus","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-02967-3","article-title":"PARD3 drives tumorigenesis through activating Sonic Hedgehog signalling in tumour-initiating cells in liver cancer","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekiert, H.M., and Szopa, A. (2020). Biological Activities of Natural Products. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235769"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201024666230313151316","article-title":"Nanoparticle delivery of active traditional Chinese medicine ingredients: A new strategy for the treatment of liver cancer","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1983072","article-title":"Membrane protein-chimeric liposome-mediated delivery of triptolide for targeted hepatocellular carcinoma therapy","volume":"28","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7757","article-title":"Curcumin in the treatment of liver cancer: From mechanisms of action to nanoformulations","volume":"37","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S211748","article-title":"Formulation, Characterization And Evaluation Of Curcumin- Loaded PLGA- TPGS Nanoparticles For Liver Cancer Treatment","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104868","article-title":"Cantharidin treatment inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma development by regulating the JAK2\/STAT3 and PI3K\/Akt pathways in an EphB4-dependent manner","volume":"158","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, H., Zhao, J., Wang, Z., Lv, J., Du, G., Jin, Y., Zhang, Y., Song, S., and Han, G. (2020). Enhanced anticancer efficacy of cantharidin by mPEG-PLGA micellar encapsulation: An effective strategy for application of a poisonous traditional Chinese medicine. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 196.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2020.111285"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X18500751","article-title":"Marsdenia tenacissima: A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00473","article-title":"The Antitumor Activities of Marsdenia tenacissima","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"7354700","article-title":"Marsdenia tenacissima Extract Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Cells via MIF\/mToR Signaling","volume":"2022","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1642902","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from Marsdenia tenacissima and its anticancer activity of liver cancer HepG2 cells","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Zhang, J., Song, Y., Zhang, T., and Wang, B. (2021). Combating liver cancer through GO-targeted biomaterials. Biomed. Mater., 16.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ac1f72"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/11\/1642\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:48:54Z","timestamp":1760107734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/11\/1642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16111642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16111642","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]}}}