{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T02:58:29Z","timestamp":1783652309580,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many of today\u2019s recreational runners have changed their diet from omnivorous to vegetarian or vegan for reasons like better sport performance, animal ethics, positive health, eco-aspects, or male infertility. Others have constructed the flexitarian diet due to current trends in sustainable eating. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the dietary habits and race day strategies of recreational endurance runners following current sustainable dietary trends. Recreational endurance runners (18+ years) were invited to complete the standardized online survey on socio-demography\/anthropometry, motivations, running\/racing history, food frequency, and race day dietary strategy. Chi-squared tests and Wilcoxon tests were used for the statistical analysis. In total, 289 participants submitted the survey; 146 subjects following flexitarian (n = 34), vegetarian (n = 50), or vegan (n = 62) diets were included in the final sample. Significant differences were found across the diet types: BMI (p = 0.018), fruit\/vegetable consumption (p &lt; 0.001), and the dietary motive of performance (p = 0.045). The findings suggest that the flexitarian diet may be appropriate for health- and environmentally conscious populations living in a meat-centered society and lacking social support to eat completely vegetarian\/vegan. Following a plant-based diet is perceived as easy for health-conscious, athletic populations, and the vegan diet does not require a particularly effortful\/complex race day strategy for endurance runners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T03:48:49Z","timestamp":1716868129000},"page":"1647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dietary Habits and Race Day Strategies among Flexitarian, Vegetarian, and Vegan Recreational Endurance Runners: A Cross-Sectional Investigation from The NURMI Study (Step 2)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6294-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derrick R.","family":"Tanous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Secondary Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Motevalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Secondary Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Leitzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, University of Gie\u00dfen, 35390 Gie\u00dfen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerold","family":"Wirnitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"adventureV & change2V, 6135 Stans, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6436-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Rosemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beat","family":"Knechtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Medbase St. Gallen, Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6208-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Wirnitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Secondary Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Research Center Medical Humanities, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheerder, J., Breedveld, K., and Borgers, J. 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