{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:23:45Z","timestamp":1792095825665,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is increasing evidence indicating that changes in both the composition and functionality of the intestinal microbiome are closely associated with the development of several chronic inflammatory diseases, with celiac disease (CeD) being particularly noteworthy. Thanks to the advent of culture-independent methodologies, the ability to identify and quantify the diverse microbial communities residing within the human body has been significantly improved. However, in the context of CeD, a notable challenge lies in characterizing the specific microbiota present on the mucosal surfaces of the intestine, rather than relying solely on fecal samples, which may not fully represent the relevant microbial populations. Currently, our comprehension of the composition and functional importance of mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) in CeD remains an ongoing field of research because the limited number of available studies have reported few and sometimes contradictory results. MAM plays a crucial role in the development and progression of CeD, potentially acting as both a trigger and modulator of the immune response within the intestinal mucosa, given its proximity to the epithelial cells and direct interaction. According to this background, this review aims to consolidate the existing literature specifically focused on MAM in CeD. By elucidating the complex interplay between the host immune system and the gut microbiota, we aim to pave the way for new interventions based on novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers for MAM in CeD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T03:48:49Z","timestamp":1716868129000},"page":"1649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Celiac Disease: The Importance of Studying the Duodenal Mucosa-Associated Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9282-0509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Annunziato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165\/a, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0813-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Vacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165\/a, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5849-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Cristofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Pediatric Section, Children\u2019s Hospital \u2018Giovanni XXIII\u2019, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Nadia","family":"Dargenio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Pediatric Section, Children\u2019s Hospital \u2018Giovanni XXIII\u2019, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3805-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Celano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165\/a, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4603-974X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruggiero","family":"Francavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Pediatric Section, Children\u2019s Hospital \u2018Giovanni XXIII\u2019, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2010-884X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165\/a, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.50.5.624","article-title":"The First Large Population Based Twin Study of Coeliac Disease","volume":"50","author":"Greco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311713","article-title":"Heritability of Non-HLA Genetics in Coeliac Disease: A Population-Based Study in 107 000 Twins","volume":"65","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1990392","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Gluten in Celiac Disease","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. 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