{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T19:43:35Z","timestamp":1789760615161,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vegetarianism is commonly associated with various health benefits. However, the association between this dietary regimen and aspects of mental health remains ambiguous. This study compared the symptoms of depression and anxiety, emotional eating (EmE), and body mass index (BMI) in Peruvian vegetarian and non-vegetarian adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 768 Peruvian adults, of whom 284 (37%) were vegetarians and 484 (63%) were non-vegetarians. The Depression Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2), and an EmE questionnaire were applied; additionally, the BMI was calculated. Simple and multiple linear regression and Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to evaluate the association between depression, anxiety, EmE, and BMI with dietary patterns. Results: The vegetarians (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 0.24, 95% CI 0.16\u20130.31; p &lt; 0.001) reported more depressive symptoms than the non-vegetarians. This trend persisted for anxiety, with an adjusted PR of 0.17 (95% CI: 0.01\u20130.29; p = 0.012). However, the vegetarians (adjusted PR = \u22120.38, 95% CI: \u22120.61\u2013\u22120.14; p &lt; 0.001) reported lower EmE scores compared to the non-vegetarians. Likewise, the vegetarians had a lower mean BMI than the non-vegetarians (B = \u22120.16, 95% CI: \u22120.21\u2013\u22120.08; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Vegetarian diets are associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety, as well as lower EmE and BMI scores. Further longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate these associations and determine causality and the underlying mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T03:38:30Z","timestamp":1716953910000},"page":"1663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Depression, Anxiety, Emotional Eating, and Body Mass Index among Self-Reported Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians: A Cross-Sectional Study in Peruvian Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jacksaint","family":"Saintila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Se\u00f1or de Sipan University, Chiclayo 14001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra P.","family":"Carranza-Cubas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Se\u00f1or de Sipan University, Chiclayo 14001, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-2464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Serpa-Barrientos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National University of San Marcos, Lima 15457, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4086-4845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renzo Felipe","family":"Carranza Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Avances en Investigaci\u00f3n Psicol\u00f3gica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2980-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis Frank","family":"Cunza-Aranz\u00e1bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Peruvian Union University, Tarapoto 22201, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0170-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaquelin E.","family":"Calizaya-Milla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Nutrition and Lifestyle, Peruvian Union University, Lima 15457, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-022-01428-0","article-title":"Disordered eating and the meat-avoidance spectrum: A systematic review and clinical implications","volume":"27","author":"McLean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. 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