{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:21:05Z","timestamp":1790814065591,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Facultad De Ciencias Sede Bogot\u00e1 de la Universidad Nacional De Colombia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global public health concern, prompting the ongoing search for new treatment options. Medicinal plants have emerged as one such alternative. Our objective was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of an extract from the leaves of Passiflora ligularis (P. ligularis). For this purpose, T2DM was first induced in mice using a high-fat diet and low doses of streptozotocin. Subsequently, an aqueous extract or an ethanolic extract of P. ligularis leaves was administered for 21 days. The following relevant results were found: fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by up to 41%, and by 29% after an oral glucose overload. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was reduced by 59%. Histopathologically, better preservation of pancreatic tissue was observed. Regarding oxidative stress parameters, there was an increase of up to 48% in superoxide dismutase (SOD), an increase in catalase (CAT) activity by 35% to 80%, and a decrease in lipid peroxidation (MDA) by 35% to 80% in the liver, kidney, or pancreas. Lastly, regarding the lipid profile, triglycerides (TG) were reduced by up to 30%, total cholesterol (TC) by 35%, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by up to 32%, while treatments increased high-density lipoproteins (HDL) by up to 35%. With all the above, we can conclude that P. ligularis leaves showed antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects, making this species promising for the treatment of T2DM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T06:58:07Z","timestamp":1716965887000},"page":"1669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antidiabetic Effect of Passiflora ligularis Leaves in High Fat-Diet\/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Diana P.","family":"Rey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3972-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Echeverry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivonne H.","family":"Valderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis F.","family":"Ospina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1391-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima Regina","family":"Mena Barreto Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universit\u00e1rio, Rua Jo\u00e3o Pio Duarte Silva, 241, Sala G301, Florian\u00f3polis 88037-000, SC, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2862-3771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Arag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Av. Carrera 30 # 45-03 Edif. 450, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes\u2014Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00632-1","article-title":"Epidemiological Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from the Global Burden of Disease","volume":"79","author":"Kotwas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K.B., Ostolaza, H., and Mart\u00edn, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16306","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes and the Impact of Altered Metabolic Interorgan Crosstalk","volume":"290","author":"Sanches","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00006","article-title":"Clinical Review of Antidiabetic Drugs: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management","volume":"8","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i17.354","article-title":"Update on the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60585-5","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Medicinal Plants-a Review","volume":"4","author":"Surya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356893","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1356893","article-title":"Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Review","volume":"2020","author":"Unuofin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Ata, A., Kumar, N.V.A., Sharopov, F., Ram\u00edrez-Alarc\u00f3n, K., Ruiz-Ortega, A., Ayatollahi, S.A., Fokou, P.V.T., Kobarfard, F., and Zakaria, Z.A. (2019). Antidiabetic Potential. of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9100551"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103347","article-title":"Traditional Multi-Herbal Formula in Diabetes Therapy\u2014Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidant Potential","volume":"14","author":"Salaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00617","article-title":"Passiflora Edulis: An Insight Into Current Researches on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-91095-8.00004-0","article-title":"Flavonoids of Passiflora: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Biotechnological Application","volume":"71","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.09.047","article-title":"Passiflora incarnata L.: Ethnopharmacology, Clinical Application, Safety and Evaluation of Clinical Trials","volume":"150","author":"Miroddi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2014.05.001","article-title":"In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anti-Diabetic Properties of Polyphenols of Passiflora Ligularis Juss. Fruit Pulp","volume":"3","author":"Saravanan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Arag\u00f3n Novoa, D.M. (2021). Passiflora Ligularis Juss. (Granadilla): Farmacol\u00f3gicos de Una Estudios Qu\u00edmicos y Planta Con Potencial Terap\u00e9utico, Universidad Nacional de Colombia\u2014Sede Bogot\u00e1. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"086","article-title":"Passiflora Ligularis Leaf Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction in the Optimization of Flavonoid Content and Enhancement of Hypoglycemic Activity","volume":"10","author":"Echeverrry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102604","article-title":"Development of a Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) to Improve the Hypoglycemic Activity of Passiflora Ligularis Leaves Extract","volume":"64","author":"Echeverry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s42826-021-00101-4","article-title":"Experimental Animal Models for Diabetes and Its Related Complications\u2014A Review","volume":"37","author":"Kottaisamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2019.03.009","article-title":"Astragalin Augments Basal Calcium Influx and Insulin Secretion in Rat Pancreatic Islets","volume":"80","author":"Rey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rey, D., Fernandes, T.A., Sulis, P.M., Gon\u00e7alves, R., Sep\u00falveda, R.M., Silva Frederico, M.J., Aragon, M., Ospina, L.F., Costa, G.M., and Silva, F.R.M.B. (2020). Cellular Target of Isoquercetin from Passiflora Ligularis Juss for Glucose Uptake in Rat Soleus Muscle. Chem. Biol. Interact., 330.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2020.109198"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"9051426","article-title":"Experimental Diabetes Mellitus in Different Animal Models","volume":"2016","author":"Kupai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"330","article-title":"An Approach towards Method Development to Investigate the Anti-Diabetic Activity on Experimental Animals","volume":"15","author":"Dash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Trends Biotechnol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120183","article-title":"Comparative Study on Molecular Mechanism of Diabetic Myopathy in Two Different Types of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Models","volume":"288","author":"Saliu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1700254","article-title":"Stability of a Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model Induced by High-Fat Diet Feeding with Low-Dose Streptozotocin Injection","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/0471141755.ph0547s70","article-title":"Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Models in Mice and Rats","volume":"70","author":"Furman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01192.2003","article-title":"Effects of Anesthetics on Systemic Hemodynamics in Mice","volume":"287","author":"Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and Optimization of Microparticles Containing a Hypoglycemic Fraction of Calyces from Physalis Peruviana","volume":"8","author":"Echeverry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhameed, R.F.A., Ibrahim, A.K., Elfaky, M.A., Habib, E.S., Mahamed, M.I., Mehanna, E.T., Darwish, K.M., Khodeer, D.M., Ahmed, S.A., and Elhady, S.S. (2021). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cynanchum acutum L. Isolated Flavonoids Using Experimentally Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Biological and In Silico Investigation for NF-\u039aB Pathway\/MiR-146a Expression Modulation. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111713"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"57931","article-title":"Pancreatic Islet Embedding for Paraffin Sections","volume":"2018","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2021.107144","article-title":"Biochemical Characterization of High Fat Diet Fed and Low Dose Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat Model","volume":"113","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.42.2333","article-title":"An Automatic Chromatographic Method for the Separation of Flavonoid Compounds","volume":"42","author":"Hori","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1021\/np50031a036","article-title":"A General Use of Amberlite XAD-2 Resin for the Purification of Flavonoids from Aqueous Fractions","volume":"47","author":"Rosler","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.242308","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic Effect of Passiflora Glandulosa Cav. Fruit Rinds Flour in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice","volume":"11","author":"Queiroz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1323","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90617.2008","article-title":"Evaluating the Glucose Tolerance Test in Mice","volume":"295","author":"Andrikopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"CRDOJ.MS.ID.555712","article-title":"Potential of Passion (Passiflora Spp.) Fruit in Control of Type II Diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Diabetes Obes. J."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1627","article-title":"Antidiabetic Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Passiflora foetida L. in Alloxan Induced Diabetes Rats","volume":"3","author":"Asir","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Aragon, M. (2021). Passiflora Ligularis Juss. (Granadilla): Estudios Qu\u00edmicos y Farmacol\u00f3gicos de una Planta con Potencial Terap\u00e9utico, Universidad Nacional de Colombia\u2014Sede Bogot\u00e1."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14967","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA00675J","article-title":"Hypoglycemic Effect and Mechanism of Isoquercitrin as an Inhibitor of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 in Type 2 Diabetic Mice","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-9476.157951","article-title":"Role of Chrysin on Expression of Insulin Signaling Molecules","volume":"6","author":"Satyanarayana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ayurveda Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000169","article-title":"Validation of HOMA-IR in a Model of Insulin-Resistance Induced by a High-Fat Diet in Wistar Rats","volume":"60","author":"Antunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, I.d.A.E., Milenkovic, D., Borges, T.K.d.S., Rosa, A.J.d.M., Morand, C., Oliveira, L.d.L.d., and Costa, A.M. (2020). Acute Effects of the Consumption of Passiflora Setacea Juice on Metabolic Risk Factors and Gene Expression Profile in Humans. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041104"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarto, D.A.Q.S., de Siqueira, A.H.D., de Almeida Magalhaes, F.M., de Paula Caproni, K., Martins, \u00c2.M., Santos, G.B., da Silva, D.B., Boas, B.M.V., and Garcia, J.A.D. (2018). Dry Extract of Passiflora incarnata L. Leaves as A Cardiac And Hepatic Oxidative Stress Protector In Ldlr-\/-Mice Fed High-Fat Diet. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 61.","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4324-2018180147"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101545","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21074","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Potential of Isoquercitrin against Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khlifi, R., Dhaouefi, Z., Toumia, I.B., Lahmar, A., Sioud, F., Bouhajeb, R., Bellalah, A., and Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2020). Erica Multiflora Extract Rich in Quercetin-3-O-Glucoside and Kaempferol-3-O-Glucoside Alleviates High Fat and Fructose Diet-Induced Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating Metabolic and Inflammatory Pathways in Wistar Rats. J. Nutr. Biochem., 86.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108490"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E367","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00447.2016","article-title":"Effects of Metformin on Compensatory Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell Hyperplasia in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"313","author":"Tajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, B.K., Pandey, K.B., Abidi, A.B., and Rizvi, S.I. (2013). Markers of Oxidative Stress during Diabetes Mellitus. J. Biomark., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/378790"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559325817691158","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325817691158","article-title":"Catechin Treatment Ameliorates Diabetes and Its Complications in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"15","author":"Samarghandian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.110082","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic Activity of Crude Extract and Isolation of Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Activity from Moringa Oleifera Lam. Leaves Grown in Southern Brazil","volume":"141","author":"Oldoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.3.7304","article-title":"Clinical Review 124: Diabetic Dyslipidemia\u2014Causes and Consequences","volume":"86","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.4065\/73.10.969","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia and Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"73","author":"Nguyen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.15835\/nsb749655","article-title":"Evidence of Anti-Hyperglycemic and Anti-Oxidant Effect of Passiflora Edulis Flavicarpa (Sims.) in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"7","author":"Panchanathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Not. Sci. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1513","article-title":"Leaves of Passiflora Edulis","volume":"9","author":"Sunny","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angel-Isaza, J., Carmona-Hernandez, J.C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Correa, C.H., and Narv\u00e1ez-Solarte, W.V. (2023). Potential Hypoglycemic and Antilipidemic Activity of Polyphenols from Passiflora Ligularis (Granadilla). Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28083551"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/11\/1669\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:50:02Z","timestamp":1760107802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/11\/1669"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16111669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16111669","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]}}}