{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:43:12Z","timestamp":1792510992924,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Reading"},{"name":"University of Lilongwe"},{"name":"University of Milano respectively"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of anaemia in India remains high in children, especially those in rural areas, and in women of childbearing age, and its impairment of neurological development can have serious lifelong effects. It is concerning that the most recent official data (2019\u201321) indicate an increased prevalence compared with 2015\u201316. There is also considerable variability in childhood anaemia between Indian states with socioeconomic factors, such as wealth and education contributing to the risk of anaemia among adolescent women and their children. Dietary iron deficiency is often regarded as the main contributor to anaemia but increasing evidence accumulated from the authors\u2019 ongoing literature database coupled with recent literature research suggests that it has a multifactorial aetiology, some of which is not related to nutrition. This narrative review focused on these multifactorial issues, notably the contribution of vitamin B12\/folate deficiency, which also has a high prevalence in India. It was also noted that the dietary intake of bioavailable iron remains an important contributor for reducing anaemia, and the role of millets as an improved iron source compared to traditional staple cereals is briefly discussed. The overall conclusion is that anaemia has a multifactorial aetiology requiring multifactorial assessment that must include assessment of vitamin B12 status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T06:58:07Z","timestamp":1716965887000},"page":"1673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Anaemia in India and Its Prevalence and Multifactorial Aetiology: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6754-6935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Ian","family":"Givens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 5EU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7393-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seetha","family":"Anitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences, University of Lilongwe, Area 15, Lilongwe P.O. Box 1614, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3717-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Giromini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 5EU, UK"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(18)30004-8","article-title":"Revisiting WHO haemoglobin thresholds to define anaemia in clinical medicine and public health","volume":"5","author":"Pasricha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-023-01308-5","article-title":"Haemoglobin diagnostic cut-offs for anaemia in Indian women of reproductive age","volume":"77","author":"Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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