{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:07:53Z","timestamp":1760144873807,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gangneung-Wonju National University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease among low-income individuals has often been reported. However, there is still a lack of research on the relationship between basic livelihood security (BLS) and MS. This study investigated the prevalence of MS according to activity type, dietary habits, and the nutrient intake characteristics of individuals receiving BLS. Data from 14,803 men and 20,299 women were analyzed to assess the association between receiving BLS and MS. The associations between MS and various factors were analyzed separately in men and women by logistic regression analysis. In this cohort, 5.9% of men and 6.8% of women received BLS; of these, 46.9% and 47.7% had MS, respectively. High caloric intake, low-frequency breakfast consumption, and no nutritional education were associated with MS in both men and women. Among those with a low-frequency walking habit and strength training activity type, MS increased by 1.58 and 1.57 times in men and by 1.47 and 2.16 times in women, respectively. Men who were sedentary for 8 h or more had an increased risk of MS, but there was no association between these in women. BLS nutritional intake characteristics were high in carbohydrates and fat and low in dietary fiber and vitamin C (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, establishing a healthy eating pattern through nutritional education and increasing walking and strength training may reduce the risk of MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T06:58:07Z","timestamp":1716965887000},"page":"1677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Based on Activity Type and Dietary Habits in Extremely Low-Income Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kunxia","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1327-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2257-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonjung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3502","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3502","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: Going beyond traditional risk factors","volume":"38","author":"Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes\/Metab. 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