{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:06:15Z","timestamp":1791299175422,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Beef Checkoff","award":["#00043834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#00043834"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The consumption of protein-rich foods stimulates satiety more than other macronutrient-rich foods; however, the underlying mechanisms-of-action are not well-characterized. The objective of this study was to identify the direct and indirect effects of postprandial amino acid (AA) responses on satiety. Seventeen women (mean \u00b1 SEM, age: 33 \u00b1 1 year; BMI: 27.8 \u00b1 0.1 kg\/m2) consumed a eucaloric, plant-based diet containing two servings of lean beef\/day (i.e., 7.5 oz (207 g)) for 7 days. During day 6, the participants completed a 12 h controlled-feeding, clinical testing day including repeated satiety questionnaires and blood sampling to assess pre- and postprandial plasma AAs, PYY, and GLP-1. Regression and mediation analyses were completed to assess AA predictors and hormonal mediators. Total plasma AAs explained 41.1% of the variance in perceived daily fullness (p &lt; 0.001), 61.0% in PYY (p &lt; 0.001), and 66.1% in GLP-1 (p &lt; 0.001) concentrations, respectively. Several individual AAs significantly predicted fluctuations in daily fullness, PYY, and GLP-1. In completing mediation analyses, the effect of plasma leucine on daily fullness was fully mediated by circulating PYY concentrations (indirect effect = B: 0.09 [Boot 95% CI: 0.032, 0.17]) as no leucine-fullness direct effect was observed. No other mediators were identified. Although a number of circulating AAs predict satiety, leucine was found to do so through changes in PYY concentrations in middle-aged women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T03:46:49Z","timestamp":1717127209000},"page":"1718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of Postprandial Amino Acid Responses on Markers of Satiety following the Acute Consumption of Lean Beef-Rich Meals in Healthy Women with Overweight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Morgan L.","family":"Braden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jess A.","family":"Gwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Leidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00714.x","article-title":"Appetite Control: Methodological Aspects of the Evaluation of Foods Europe","volume":"11","author":"Blundell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. 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