{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T16:04:03Z","timestamp":1791734643053,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health with \u201cCurrent Research\u201d funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nutrition of preterm infants remains contaminated by wrong beliefs that reflect inexactitudes and perpetuate old practices. In this narrative review, we report current evidence in preterm neonates and in preterm neonates undergoing surgery. Convictions that necrotizing enterocolitis is reduced by the delay in introducing enteral feeding, a slow advancement in enteral feeds, and the systematic control of residual gastric volumes, should be abandoned. On the contrary, these practices prolong the time to reach full enteral feeding. The length of parenteral nutrition should be as short as possible to reduce the infectious risk. Intrauterine growth restriction, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, and patent ductus arteriosus should be considered in advancing enteral feeds, but they must not translate into prolonged fasting, which can be equally dangerous. Clinicians should also keep in mind the risk of refeeding syndrome in case of high amino acid intake and inadequate electrolyte supply, closely monitoring them. Conversely, when preterm infants undergo surgery, nutritional strategies are still based on retrospective studies and opinions rather than on randomized controlled trials. Finally, this review also highlights how the use of adequately fortified human milk is strongly recommended, as it offers unique benefits for immune and gastrointestinal health and neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T06:35:32Z","timestamp":1717137332000},"page":"1719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Nutritional Strategies for Preterm Neonates and Preterm Neonates Undergoing Surgery: New Insights for Practice and Wrong Beliefs to Uproot"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico Umberto","family":"De Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Course in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and Transplants (MIMIT), Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, \u201cTor Vergata\u201d University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1872-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Lapillonne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, EHU 7328 Paris Cite University Paris, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Iacobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R\u00e9animation N\u00e9onatale et P\u00e9diatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre CEDEX, France"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019\u00c9tudes P\u00e9rinatales de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien (UR 7388), Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, BP 350, 97448 Saint Pierre CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma","family":"Capolupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guglielmo","family":"Salvatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Donor Human Milk Bank, \u201cBambino Ges\u00f9\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silveira, R.C., Corso, A.L., and Procianoy, R.S. 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