{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:50:37Z","timestamp":1785455437692,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bile acids help facilitate intestinal lipid absorption and have endocrine activity in glucose, lipid and bone metabolism. Obesity and exercise influence bile acid metabolism and have opposite effects in bone. This study investigates if regular exercise helps mitigate the adverse effects of obesity on bone, potentially by reversing alterations in bile acid metabolism. Four-month-old female Sprague Dawley rats either received a high-fat diet (HFD) or a chow-based standard diet (lean controls). During the 10-month study period, half of the animals performed 30 min of running at moderate speed on five consecutive days followed by two days of rest. The other half was kept inactive (inactive controls). At the study\u2019s end, bone quality was assessed by microcomputed tomography and biomechanical testing. Bile acids were measured in serum and stool. HFD feeding was related to reduced trabecular (\u221233%, p = 1.14 \u00d7 10\u22127) and cortical (\u221221%, p = 2.9 \u00d7 10\u22128) bone mass and lowered femoral stiffness (12\u201341%, p = 0.005). Furthermore, the HFD decreased total bile acids in serum (\u221237%, p = 1.0 \u00d7 10\u22126) but increased bile acids in stool (+2-fold, p = 7.3 \u00d7 10\u22129). These quantitative effects were accompanied by changes in the relative abundance of individual bile acids. The concentration of serum bile acids correlated positively with all cortical bone parameters (r = 0.593\u20130.708), whilst stool levels showed inverse correlations at the cortical (r = \u22120.651\u2013\u22120.805) and trabecular level (r = \u22120.656\u2013\u22120.750). Exercise improved some trabecular and cortical bone quality parameters (+11\u201331%, p = 0.043 to 0.001) in lean controls but failed to revert the bone loss related to the HFD. Similarly, changes in bile acid metabolism were not mitigated by exercise. Prolonged HFD consumption induced quantitative and qualitative alterations in bile acid metabolism, accompanied by bone loss. Tight correlations between bile acids and structural indices of bone quality support further functional analyses on the potential role of bile acids in bone metabolism. Regular moderate exercise improved trabecular and cortical bone quality in lean controls but failed in mitigating the effects related to the HFD in bone and bile acid metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T03:51:45Z","timestamp":1717386705000},"page":"1744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of High-Fat Diet and Exercise on Bone and Bile Acid Metabolism in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nerea","family":"Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (CIMCL), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunter","family":"Almer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (CIMCL), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-1215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Donatella","family":"Semeraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (CIMCL), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanny","family":"Rodriguez-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (CIMCL), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"LKH-Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Fauler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (CIMCL), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Anders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"vom Scheidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8230-9383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Biomechatronics, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, 01187 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-J\u00fcrgen","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (CIMCL), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (CIMCL), Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO. 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