{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:42:41Z","timestamp":1790894561958,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u2018Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n\u2019 (SENACYT) Panama","award":["COL08-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COL08-009"]}]},{"name":"\u2018Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n\u2019 (SENACYT) Panama","award":["NIH-RO1HD096863-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH-RO1HD096863-01A1"]}]},{"name":"McGill Vitamin Fund","award":["COL08-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COL08-009"]}]},{"name":"McGill Vitamin Fund","award":["NIH-RO1HD096863-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH-RO1HD096863-01A1"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["COL08-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COL08-009"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["NIH-RO1HD096863-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH-RO1HD096863-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In pregnant women with multiple infections, nutrient deficiencies, and inflammation (MINDI), the study of anemia and iron status is limited. For this cross-sectional study (n = 213 Panamanian indigenous women), we investigated if hemoglobin, anemia (Hb &lt; 110 g\/L), ferritin, serum iron, serum transferrin receptor, and hepcidin were associated with (1) maternal nutritional status and supplementation practices, (2) biomarkers of inflammation, and (3) presence\/absence of infections. Hierarchical generalized linear and logistic regression models and dominance analyses identified the relative importance of these predictors. Anemia (38%), which was likely underestimated due to low plasma volume (95%), was associated with lower ferritin, vitamin A, and weight-for-height, suggesting anemia of undernutrition. Inflammation was not associated with Hb or anemia; nevertheless, higher CRP was associated with increased odds of low serum iron and higher ferritin and hepcidin, indicating iron restriction due to inflammation. The length of iron supplementation did not enter models for anemia or iron indicators, but a multiple nutrient supplement was associated with higher ferritin and hepcidin. Moreover, iron supplementation was associated with higher odds of vaginal trichomoniasis but lower odds of caries and bacterial vaginosis. The complex pathogenesis of anemia and iron deficiency in MINDI settings may require other interventions beyond iron supplementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T03:51:45Z","timestamp":1717386705000},"page":"1748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multiple Infections, Nutrient Deficiencies, and Inflammation as Determinants of Anemia and Iron Status during Pregnancy: The MINDI Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Doris","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeta","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Iron Disorders, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Em\u00e9rita del Carmen","family":"Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Health, Panamanian Ministry of Health, Panama City 7098, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delfina","family":"Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comarca Ng\u00e4be-Bugl\u00e9 Health Region, Panamanian Ministry of Health, San F\u00e9lix, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odalis T.","family":"Sinisterra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Panam\u00e1 Norte Health Region, Panamanian Ministry of Health, Panama City 7104, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Panama, Panama City 7096, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Sangkhae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Iron Disorders, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3553-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilyn E.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine G.","family":"Koski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Nutrition, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Means, R.T. 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