{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:31:58Z","timestamp":1790188318679,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82073540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82073540"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and purpose: Diet might be a modifiable factor in preventing cancer by modulating inflammation. This study aims to explore the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) score and the risk of bladder cancer (BC). Methods: A total of 112 BC patients and 292 control subjects were enrolled in a case\u2013control trial. Additionally, we tracked a total of 109 BC patients and 319 controls, whose propensity scores were obtained from the Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database spanning from 1999 to 2020. The baseline index and dietary intake data were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). DII scores were calculated based on the dietary intake of 20 nutrients obtained from participants and categorized into four groups. The association between the inflammatory potential of the diet and BC risk was investigated using multivariate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: High DII scores were associated with a pro-inflammatory diet and a higher risk of BC, with higher DII scores positively associated with a higher risk of BC (quartiles 4 vs. 1, ORs 4.89, 95% CIs 2.09\u201311.25 p &lt; 0.001). Specifically, this might promote BC development by inducing oxidative stress and affecting DNA repair mechanisms. This result was consistent with the NHANES findings (quartiles 4 vs. 1, ORs 2.69, 95% CIs 1.25\u20135.77, p = 0.006) and further supported the association of pro-inflammatory diet and lifestyle factors with the risk of BC. Conclusions: Diets with the highest pro-inflammatory potential were associated with an increased risk of BC. By adjusting lifestyle factors, individuals might effectively lower their DII, thereby reducing the risk of developing BC. The results are consistent with the NHANES cohort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1717675468000},"page":"1793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association of Pro-Inflammatory Diet, Smoking, and Alcohol Consumption with Bladder Cancer: Evidence from Case\u2013Control and NHANES Studies from 1999 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chunying","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danqun","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7439-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujuan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China"},{"name":"Southern Zhejiang Institute of Radiation Medicine and Nuclear Technology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.6987","article-title":"Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived with Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups from 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"8","author":"Kocarnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.11.014","article-title":"Prehabilitation in adult patients undergoing surgery: An umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"128","author":"McIsaac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. 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