{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T01:10:54Z","timestamp":1772068254827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We analyzed the impact of social distancing (SD) on vitamin D status and associated morbidity in neonates during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) and clinical characteristics of newborn infants before (2019) and during SD (2021) were compared. Results: A total of 526 neonates (263 in 2019 and 263 in 2021) were included. The rate of vitamin D deficiency in neonates (47.1% vs. 35.4 %, p = 0.008) decreased and the rate of maternal vitamin D intake increased (6.8% vs. 37.6%, p &lt; 0.001), respectively, during SD compared to those in 2019. The rates of hypocalcemia (12.5% vs. 3.8%, p &lt; 0.001) and respiratory illness (57.0% vs. 43.0%, p = 0.002) decreased during SD. Neonatal vitamin D deficiency during SD was associated with maternal vitamin D supplementation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.463, p = 0.003) but was not associated with SD (OR = 0.772, p = 0.189). The mediation effect of SD on neonatal morbidity by neonatal vitamin D status was statistically insignificant. Conclusions: SD might affect the increased maternal vitamin D intake and decreased neonatal vitamin D deficiency. However, neonatal morbidity was not affected by SD, even with neonatal vitamin D status changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T10:41:03Z","timestamp":1718275263000},"page":"1858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mediation Effect of Social Distancing on Neonatal Vitamin D Status and Related Clinical Outcomes during the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jin Su","family":"Jun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatircs, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatircs, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9210-9040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatics Cooperation Center, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Sook","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatircs, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4704-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Sook","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pediatircs, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00522-1","article-title":"The first 12 months of COVID-19: A timeline of immunological insights","volume":"21","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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