{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T15:58:43Z","timestamp":1785859123886,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundations of Tekirdag Namik Kemal University","award":["NKUBAP.10.GA.21.346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKUBAP.10.GA.21.346"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The hawthorn fruit is an interesting medicinal plant that has several biological features, especially related to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune-modulating actions, and boosting general health. In this study, we aimed to clarify the immunological effects of hawthorn vinegar on immunity and general health. We also focused on three different production processes to improve the antioxidant activity of hawthorn vinegar (2) Methods: In the study, besides the traditional production of hawthorn vinegar (N), thermal pasteurization (P) and ultrasound (U) techniques were applied to vinegars. A total of 56 female adult Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into seven groups; Control, N0.5 (regular vinegar; 0.5 mL\/kgbw), N1 (regular vinegar; 1 mL\/kgbw), P0.5 (pasteurized vinegar; 0.5 mL\/kgbw), P1 (pasteurized vinegar; 1 mL\/kgbw), U0.5 (ultrasound treated vinegar; 0.5 mL\/kgbw), and U1 (ultrasound treated vinegar; 1 mL\/kgbw). Vinegars were administered by oral gavage daily. The average weight gains, body mass index, and blood hematological parameters were measured, and the Neutrophil Lymphocyte ratio was calculated. The plasma IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 values, and MDA, IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 values of intestinal tissue, were determined. Also, the streptavidin\u2013biotin\u2013peroxidase complex method was applied to determine the expressions of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in duodenum. (3) Results: There was a decreasing tendency in the average weight gains in all vinegar groups compared to the control group. In addition, there was an increase in NL ratio in all vinegar groups, although not significant. There were no statistical differences among all vinegar groups, although decreases were observed in plasma IL-1\u03b2. Also, the plasma TNF-\u03b1 values showed slight increases in high-dose-of-vinegar groups (N1, P1 and U1), although not significant. In addition, the intestinal tissue IL-1\u03b2 value tended to increase in groups N0.5, N1 and P0.5, while it tended to decrease in P1, U0.5 and U1. On the other hand, there were slight increases in the TNF-\u03b1 values of intestinal tissue in all groups compared to control, although these were not significant. Furthermore, the intensive expressions of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 were determined in groups U0.5 and U1. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that either high doses or ultrasound applications of hawthorn vinegar have positive effects on intestinal health, boosting immunity and general health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T03:52:53Z","timestamp":1718337173000},"page":"1868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hawthorn Vinegar in Health with a Focus on Immune Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2817-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilay","family":"Seyidoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-1874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deniz","family":"Karak\u00e7\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buket","family":"Bak\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8694-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seydi","family":"Y\u0131km\u0131\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v51i4.2","article-title":"Role of essential oils in antioxidant capacity and immunity in a rat model of mixed stress","volume":"51","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. 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