{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:26:10Z","timestamp":1780676770605,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Southern Illinois University School of Medicine\u2019s Clinical"},{"name":"Research Experience (CARE) program"},{"name":"University of Idaho\u2019s College of Agricultural"},{"name":"Life Sciences (CALS)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective was to investigate associations of serum vitamin D concentration with depressive symptoms and assess the impact that vitamin D concentration has on the occurrence of depressive symptoms in 20\u201344-year-old pregnant women, postpartum women, non-pp women (non-pregnant\/postpartum women), and men, including a separate subgroup analysis of postpartum breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding women. The study populations were selected from the 2007\u20132018 NHANES public data. Subjective interview data and objective laboratory data including depressive symptoms, serum vitamin D concentration, nutrient intake, and demographic information were utilized. Two diet patterns were created using principal component analysis, and a Bayesian multinomial model was fit to predict the depression outcomes for each subpopulation. The estimates for the log vitamin D slope parameter were negative for all cohorts; as vitamin D increased, the probability of having no depression increased, while the probability of depression decreased. The pregnant cohort had the steepest vitamin D slope, followed by postpartum women, then non-pp women and men. Higher vitamin D concentration had more impact on decreasing depression risk in pregnant and postpartum women compared to non-pp women and men. Among postpartum women, higher vitamin D concentration had a greater influence on decreasing breastfeeding women\u2019s depression risk than non-breastfeeding women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1718352146000},"page":"1876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Low Vitamin D Concentration Is Associated with Increased Depression Risk in Adults 20\u201344 Years Old, an NHANES 2007\u20132018 Data Analysis with a Focus on Perinatal and Breastfeeding Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2080-1095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria Rose Barri Benters","family":"Hollinshead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MD\/MPH Program, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"Piaskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-7587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00426-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of women and depression","volume":"74","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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