{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:14:47Z","timestamp":1791983687326,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)","award":["23K05108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K05108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the 1970s, the utility of nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) in diagnosing rheumatological disorders such as systemic sclerosis has been well established. Further studies have also shown that NFC can detect non-rheumatic diseases such as diabetes, glaucoma, dermatitis, and Alzheimer disease. In the past decade, nailfold capillary morphological changes have also been reported as symptoms of unhealthy lifestyle habits such as poor diet, smoking, sleep deprivation, and even psychological stress, all of which contribute to slow blood flow. Therefore, studying the relationships between the morphology of nailfold capillaries and lifestyle habits has a high potential to indicate unhealthy states or even pre-disease conditions. Simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive methods such as NFC are important and useful for routine medical examinations. The present study began with a systematic literature search of the PubMed database followed by a summary of studies reporting the assessment of morphological changes detected by NFC, and a comprehensive review of NFC\u2019s utility in clinical diagnosis and improving unhealthy dietary lifestyles. It culminates in a summary of dietary and lifestyle health promotion strategy, assessed based on NFC and other related measurements that indicate healthy microvascular blood flow and endothelial function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T03:42:06Z","timestamp":1718682126000},"page":"1914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Nailfold Capillaroscopy: A Comprehensive Review on Its Usefulness in Both Clinical Diagnosis and Improving Unhealthy Dietary Lifestyles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5325-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michio","family":"Komai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Takeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At Co., Ltd., Osaka 541-0042, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiharu","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At Co., Ltd., Osaka 541-0042, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"At Co., Ltd., Osaka 541-0042, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Ohsaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4828-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Shirakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102458","article-title":"Standardization of nailfold capillaroscopy for the assessment of patients with Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and systemic sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38098","article-title":"2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: An American college of rheumatology\/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"65","author":"Khanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"201","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic diseases: Short overview for internal medicine","volume":"59","author":"Dima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rom. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Cutolo, M. (2010). Atlas of Capillaroscopy in Rheumatic Diseases, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2013.03.001","article-title":"How to perform and interpret capillaroscopy","volume":"27","author":"Cutolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2016.60215","article-title":"Olesinska Capillaroscopy\u2014A role in modern rheumatology","volume":"54","author":"Chojnowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.68.6","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy: A comprehensive review on common findings and clinical usefulness in non-rheumatic disease","volume":"68","author":"Mansueto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Invest."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-007-0681-3","article-title":"Capillaroscopy: Questions and answers","volume":"26","author":"Grassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2020.104036","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy in common non-rheumatic conditions","volume":"131","author":"Ciaffi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e125","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy in diabetes mellitus Potential technique for the microvasculature evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Maldonado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metabol. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2017.03.001","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy in diabetes mellitus","volume":"112","author":"Maldonado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2016.09.001","article-title":"Capillary density: An important parameter in nailfold capillaroscopy","volume":"109","author":"Emrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2019.03.004","article-title":"Microvascular abnormalities in asymptomatic chronic smokers: A video capillaroscopic study","volume":"124","author":"Yuksel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microvasc Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.idoj_80_22","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy of healthy individuals--An observational study","volume":"13","author":"Gorasiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, T., Nakano, S., Kikuchi, A., and Matsunaga, Y. (2022). Nailfold capillary patterns correlate with age, gender, lifestyle habits, and fingertip temperature. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269661"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.547","article-title":"Effects of 3 months Continuous intake of supplement containing Pantoea agglomerans LPS to maintain normal bloodstream in adults: Parallel double-blind randomized controlled study","volume":"6","author":"Nakata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"284","article-title":"Fermented Herbal Decoction Improves a Performance Status of Skin Conditions by Reconstituting Peripheral Capillary","volume":"7","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"E-Cronicon Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00880","article-title":"The Relationship Between Nailfold Microcirculation and Retinal Microcirculation in Healthy Subjects","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12256","article-title":"Sleep quality and duration are related to microvascular function: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study","volume":"24","author":"Bonsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-018-0046-4","article-title":"Position article and guidelines 2018 recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the indication, interpretation and performance of nailfold capillaroscopy","volume":"59","author":"Kayser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Tavakol, M.E., Fatemi, A., Karbalaie, A., Emrani, Z., and Erlandsson, B.E. (2015). Nailfold capillaroscopy in rheumatic diseases: Which parameters should be evaluated?. BioMed Res. Int., 2015."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"250","article-title":"Capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis: A narrative literature review","volume":"23","author":"Franco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Reumatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2013.07.001","article-title":"Nailfold capillary patterns in healthy subjects: A real issue in capillaroscopy","volume":"90","author":"Ingegnoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4081\/itjm.2015.548","article-title":"Nailfold videocapillaroscopy in internal medicine","volume":"9","author":"Faggioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"S103","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy abnormalities as predictors of mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Kayser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.11.025","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and critical appraisal","volume":"17","author":"Cutolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22026","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy in pediatrics","volume":"65","author":"Ingegnoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"19","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative assessment of nailfold capillaries by capillaroscopy in healthy volunteers","volume":"41","author":"Hoerth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vasa (Eur. J. Vasc. Med.)"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0925-z","article-title":"Lifestyle medicine and the management of cardiovascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Doughty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000501776","article-title":"Cancer Prevention with Nutrition and Lifestyle","volume":"35","author":"Kerschbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Visc. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0070-3","article-title":"Lifestyle interventions to prevent cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer disease","volume":"14","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"183","article-title":"Research on the Relationship Between Blood Flow by Microscope and the Lifestyle Mainly in Female University Students","volume":"49","author":"Toyoda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceeding Jissen Women\u2019s Univ. Fac. Hum. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2431","article-title":"Oral administration of lipopolysaccharides for the prevention of various disease: Benefit and usefulness","volume":"31","author":"Inagawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020057","article-title":"Allergy and Endotoxin Study Team: Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children","volume":"347","author":"Riedler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.40.994","article-title":"Homeostasis as regulated by activated macrophage. II. LPS of plant origin other than wheat flour and their concomitant bacteria","volume":"40","author":"Inagawa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"813","article-title":"Investigation of the change in the blood capillaries and the vascular endothelial function during the intake of the pomegranate extract fermented product (URORICH\u00ae) containing Urolithin A, observed with a non-invasive capillary microscope","volume":"51","author":"Maeda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raposo, A., Saraiva, A., Ramos, F., Carrascosa, C., Raheem, D., B\u00e1rbara, R., and Silva, H. (2021). The Role of Food Supplementation in Microcirculation\u2014A Comprehensive Review. Biology, 10, Correction in Biology 2023, 12, 1198.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10070616"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000503775","article-title":"Microcirculation: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Application","volume":"49","author":"Guven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000473","article-title":"The Endothelium in Sepsis","volume":"45","author":"Ince","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.01.008","article-title":"The Endothelium Solves Problems That Endothelial Cells Do Not Know Exist","volume":"38","author":"McCarron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000441364","article-title":"Paricalcitol, Microvascular and Endothelial Function in Non-Diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Trial","volume":"42","author":"Lundwall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2016.03.004","article-title":"Dynamic nailfold videocapillaroscopy may be used for early microvascular dysfunction in obesity","volume":"106","author":"Bouskela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2022.02.013","article-title":"Naiflold capillaroscopy in patients with peripheral artery disease of the lower limb (CAPAD Study)","volume":"63","author":"Wijnand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06220-z","article-title":"Relationship between nailfold capillaroscopy parameters and the severity of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"262","author":"Okabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clinic. Experiment. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreyer, G., Tucker, A.T., Harwood, S.M., Pearse, R.M., Raftery, M.J., and Yaqoob, M.M. (2014). Ergocalciferol and microcirculatory function in chronic kidney disease and concomitant vitamin D deficiency: An exploratory, double blind, randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099461"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chitalia, N., Ismail, T., Tooth, L., Boa, F., Hampson, G., Goldsmith, D., Kaski, J.C., and Banerjee, D. (2014). Impact of vitamin D supplementation on arterial vasomotion, stiffness and endothelial biomarkers in chronic kidney disease patients. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091363"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03748","article-title":"Paricalcitol and endothelial function in chronic kidney disease trial","volume":"64","author":"Zoccali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teraa, M., Sprengers, R.W., Westerweel, P.E., Gremmels, H., Goumans, M.J., Teerlink, T., Moll, F.L., Verhaar, M.C., and JUVENTAS Study Group (2013). Bone marrow alterations and lower endothelial progenitor cell numbers in critical limb ischemia patients. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055592"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R55","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4217","article-title":"Correlations between angiogenic factors and capillaroscopic patterns in systemic sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Avouac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djaoudene, O., Romano, A., Bradai, Y.D., Zebiri, F., Ouchene, A., Yousfi, Y., Amrane-Abider, M., Sahraoui-Remini, Y., and Madani, K. (2023). A Global Overview of Dietary Supplements: Regulation, Market Trends, Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Health Effects. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153320"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5435.1853","article-title":"Regulation of \u201cNutraceuticals\u201d","volume":"285","author":"Zeisel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_179_17","article-title":"Dietary Supplements and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Bronzato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-5151(11)00111-3","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"10","author":"Deaton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Investing to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases: Third Who Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases 2015, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.019","article-title":"The position of functional foods and supplements with a serum LDL-C lowering effect in the spectrum ranging from universal to care-related CVD risk management","volume":"311","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086270","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3086270","article-title":"Review Article Probiotics as Beneficial Dietary Supplements to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular Diseases: Uncovering Their Impact on Oxidative Stress","volume":"2019","author":"Vasquez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0341","article-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine Effects of Nutritional Supplements and Dietary Interventions on Cardiovascular Outcomes","volume":"171","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"FDA (2024, March 19). Label Claims for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/food-labeling-nutrition\/label-claims-conventional-foods-and-dietary-supplements."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_61.1","unstructured":"European Parliament, and Council of the European Union (2006). Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_61.2","unstructured":"(EC) No 1924\/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods. Off. J. Eur. Union, L404, 9-25."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12173","article-title":"Adulteration of Dietary Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Drugs: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Rocha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_63.1","unstructured":"European Commission (2012). Commission Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_63.2","unstructured":"(EU) No 432\/2012 of 16 May 2012 establishing a list of permitted health claims made on foods, other than those referring to the reduction of disease risk and to children's development and health. Off. J. Eur. Union, L136, 1-40."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Nutrition and Health Claims (2024, March 19). EU Register of Nutrition and Health Claims. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/safety\/labelling_nutrition\/claims\/register\/public\/?event=register.home."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2011). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to soy isoflavones and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1286, 4245), maintenance of normal blood LDL cholesterol concentrations (ID 1135, 1704a, 3093a), reduction of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause (ID 1654, 1704b, 2140, 3093b, 3154, 3590), maintenance of normal skin tonicity (ID 1704a), contribution to normal hair growth (ID 1704a, 4254), \u201ccardiovascular health\u201d (ID 3587), treatment of prostate cancer (ID 3588) and \u201cupper respiratory tract\u201d (ID 3589) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 9, 2264."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2009). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to niacin and energy-yielding metabolism (ID 43, 49, 54), function of the nervous system (ID 44, 53), maintenance of the skin and mucous membranes (ID 45, 48, 50, 52), maintenance of normal LDL-cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (ID 46), maintenance of bone (ID 50), maintenance of teeth (ID 50), maintenance of hair (ID 50, 2875) and maintenance of nails (ID 50, 2875) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 7, 1224."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2011). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: Flavonoids and ascorbic acid in fruit juices, including berry juices (ID 1186); flavonoids from citrus (ID 1471); flavonoids from Citrus paradisi Macfad. (ID 3324, 3325); flavonoids (ID 1470, 1693, 1920); flavonoids in cranberry juice (ID 1804); carotenoids (ID 1496, 1621, 1622, 1796); polyphenols (ID 1636, 1637, 1640, 1641, 1642, 1643); rye bread (ID 1179); protein hydrolysate (ID 1646); carbohydrates with a low\/reduced glycaemic load (ID 476, 477, 478, 479, 602) and carbohydrates which induce a low\/reduced glycaemic response (ID 727, 1122, 1171); alfalfa (ID 1361, 2585, 2722, 2793); caffeinated carbohydrate-containing energy drinks (ID 1272); and soups (ID 1132, 1133) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 9, 2082."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2010). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin E and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 160, 162, 1947), maintenance of the normal function of the immune system (ID 161, 163), maintenance of normal bone (ID 164), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 164), maintenance of normal hair (ID 164), maintenance of normal skin (ID 164), maintenance of normal nails (ID 164), maintenance of normal cardiac function (ID 166), maintenance of normal vision by protection of the lens of the eye (ID 167), contribution to normal cognitive function (ID 182, 183), regeneration of the reduced form of vitamin C (ID 203), maintenance of normal blood circulation (ID 216) and maintenance of normal a scalp (ID 2873) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 8, 1816."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Globe Newswire (2024, June 05). Dietary Supplements Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Ingredient (Vitamins, Minerals), by Form, by Application, by End User, by Distribution Channel, by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2020\u20132027. Available online: https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2020\/03\/05\/1995948\/0\/en\/Dietary-Supplements-Market-Size-Share-Trends-Analysis-Report-by-Ingredient-By-Form-By-Application-By-End-User-By-Distribution-Channel-By-Region-And-Segment-Forecasts-2020-2027.html."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.04.202","article-title":"Nutrition, dietary habits, and weight management to prevent and treat patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"21","author":"Sagris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303849","article-title":"Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease","volume":"116","author":"Criqui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191171","article-title":"Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Symposium II: Nomenclature for vascular diseases","volume":"118","author":"Hiatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.10.022","article-title":"Advancing beyond the \u201cheart-healthy diet\u201d for peripheral arterial disease","volume":"61","author":"Nosova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vascul. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"64","article-title":"Nutritional status of patients admitted to a metropolitan tertiary care vascular surgery unit","volume":"28","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319710384395","article-title":"Dietary intake of participants with peripheral artery disease and claudication","volume":"62","author":"Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.11.1317","article-title":"Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care","volume":"286","author":"Hirsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1","article-title":"2013 AHA\/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"129","author":"Eckel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093646","article-title":"Nutritional recommendations for cardiovascular disease prevention","volume":"5","author":"Sinai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees, A., Georgina, F., Dodd, G.F., and Spencer, J.P.E. (2018). The Effects of Flavonoids on Cardiovascular Health: A Review of Human Intervention Trials and Implications for Cerebrovascular Function. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121852"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209787846982","article-title":"Flavonoids, vascular function and cardiovascular protection","volume":"15","author":"Grassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162750","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/162750","article-title":"Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview","volume":"2013","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crichton, G.E., Elias, M.F., Davey, A., and Alkerwi, A. (2014). Cardiovascular health and cognitive function: The Maine-Syracuse longitudinal study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089317"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002731","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002731","article-title":"Ideal cardiovascular health and cognitive aging in the northern Manhattan study","volume":"5","author":"Gardener","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11499","article-title":"Association of cardiovascular health level in older age with cognitive decline and incident dementia","volume":"320","author":"Samieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.1.42","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults","volume":"56","author":"Knopman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2015.10.01.60","article-title":"At the heart of brain disorders\u2014Preventing cognitive decline and dementia","volume":"10","author":"Vicario","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.016634","article-title":"Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in a prospective cohort of us adults","volume":"95","author":"McCullough","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.895","article-title":"Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: A prospective study in postmenopausal women","volume":"85","author":"Mink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451300278X","article-title":"Flavonoid intake and risk of cvd: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.006783","article-title":"Habitual intake of flavonoid subclasses and incident hypertension in adults","volume":"93","author":"Cassidy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508945694","article-title":"Flavonoid intake and the risk of ischaemic stroke and cvd mortality in middle-aged Finnish men: The kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study","volume":"100","author":"Mursu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00508.x","article-title":"Associations between flavonoids and cardiovascular disease incidence or mortality in European and us populations","volume":"70","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002822","article-title":"Cocoa flavanol intake improves endothelial function and framingham risk score in healthy men and women: A randomised, controlled, double-masked trial: The flaviola health study","volume":"114","author":"Sansone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.1.58","article-title":"Acute dark chocolate and cocoa ingestion and endothelial function: A randomized controlled crossover trial","volume":"88","author":"Faridi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nut."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719361","article-title":"Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults","volume":"23","author":"Engler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600045","article-title":"Does epicatechin contribute to the acute vascular function effects of dark chocolate? A randomized, crossover study","volume":"60","author":"Dower","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000239293.40507.2a","article-title":"Aging and vascular responses to flavanol-rich cocoa","volume":"24","author":"Fisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.028","article-title":"Flavonoid-rich apples and nitrate-rich spinach augment nitric oxide status and improve endothelial function in healthy men and women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Bondonno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700674","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700674","article-title":"Flavonoid-rich apple improves endothelial function in individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"62","author":"Bondonno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328326066c","article-title":"Black tea consumption dose-dependently improves flow-mediated dilation in healthy males","volume":"27","author":"Grassi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2012-0450","article-title":"Effect of black tea consumption on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and ischaemia-reperfusion in humans","volume":"39","author":"Schreuder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510168103","article-title":"(-)-epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans","volume":"103","author":"Schroeter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.250225","article-title":"Brachial and cerebrovascular functions are enhanced in postmenopausal women after ingestion of chocolate with a high concentration of cocoa","volume":"147","author":"Marsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507838992","article-title":"The efficacy of black tea in ameliorating endothelial function is equivalent to that of green tea","volume":"99","author":"Jochmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.2.151","article-title":"Short- and long-term black tea consumption reverses endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"104","author":"Duffy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassi, D., Draijer, R., Schalkwijk, C., Desideri, G., D\u2019Angeli, A., Francavilla, S., Mulder, T., and Ferri, C. (2016). Black tea increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells and improves flow mediated dilatation counteracting deleterious effects from a fat load in hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled study. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110727"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernatova, I., and Liskova, S. (2021). Mechanisms modified by (-)-epicatechin and taxifolin relevant for the treatment of hypertension and viral infection: Knowledge from preclinical studies. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10030467"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9169","DOI":"10.1021\/jf901821x","article-title":"Survey of commercially available chocolate- and cocoa-containing products in the United States. 2. Comparison of flavan-3-ol content with nonfat cocoa solids, total polyphenols, and percent cacao","volume":"57","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.03.116","article-title":"Assessment of flavanol stereoisomers and caffeine and theobromine content in commercial chocolates","volume":"208","author":"Alanon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10067","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0712503","article-title":"Onions: A source of unique dietary flavonoids","volume":"55","author":"Slimestad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.20926","article-title":"Stereospecific pharmacokinetics of racemic homoeriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and taxifolin in rats and their disposition in fruit","volume":"23","author":"Remsberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chirality"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2008.00854.x","article-title":"HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS\/MS analysis and antioxidant activities of nonanthocyanin phenolics in mulberry (Morus alba L.)","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.07.008","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidative activity and cell viability effects of a Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) extract","volume":"112","author":"Lantto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2005.04.012","article-title":"Beer constituents as potential cancer chemopreventive agents","volume":"41","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6949020","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6949020","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epicatechin prevents blood pressure increase and reduces locomotor hyperactivity in young spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"2016","author":"Kluknavsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173442","article-title":"Arginase inhibition by (\u2212)-epicatechin reverses endothelial cell aging","volume":"885","author":"Guevara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1185","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epicatechin reduces blood pressure and improves vasorelaxation in spontaneously hypertensive rats by NO-mediated mechanism","volume":"65","author":"Galleano","year":"2013","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0320-x","article-title":"Endothelium\/nitric oxide mechanism mediates vasorelaxation and counteracts vasoconstriction induced by low concentration of flavanols","volume":"52","author":"Aggio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1650-0","article-title":"Epicatechin\u2019s cardiovascular protective effects are mediated via opioid receptors and nitric oxide","volume":"58","author":"MacRae","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.05.066","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the vasorelaxation of human internal mammary artery induced by (\u2212)-epicatechin","volume":"762","author":"Novakovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5969","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epicatechin-induced relaxation of isolated human saphenous vein: Roles of K+ and Ca2+ channels","volume":"32","author":"Marinko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3737-7","article-title":"Dihydroquercetin improves microvascularization and microcirculation in the brain cortex of SHR rats during the development of arterial hypertension","volume":"163","author":"Plotnikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283186994","article-title":"Antihypertensive effect of French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol): Possible involvement of endothelial nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation","volume":"27","author":"Kwak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.53","article-title":"The flavanol (\u2212)-epicatechin prevents stroke damage through the Nrf2\/HO1 pathway","volume":"30","author":"Shah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00048G","article-title":"Modifications in nitric oxide and superoxide anion metabolism induced by fructose overload in rat heart are prevented by (\u2212)-epicatechin","volume":"7","author":"Piotrkowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.01.055","article-title":"Effects of (\u2212)-epicatechin on myocardial infarct size and left ventricular remodeling after permanent coronary occlusion","volume":"55","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.589326","article-title":"Temporospatial flavonoids metabolism variation in Ginkgo biloba leaves","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01256C","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of dihydroquercetin against ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis via the PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"10","author":"Shu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508902","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/508902","article-title":"Epicatechin used in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory disease: An analysis by experimental models","volume":"2012","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2016.12.023","article-title":"LPS-induced renal inflammation is prevented by (\u2212)-epicatechin in rats","volume":"11","author":"Prince","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00486C","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epicatechin mitigates high fat diet-induced neuroinflammation and altered behavior in mice","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10031","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901659116","article-title":"Pleiotropic neuroprotective effects of taxifolin in cerebral amyloid angiopathy","volume":"116","author":"Inoue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Song, J., Zhang, M., Wang, H., Zhang, Y., and Suo, H. (2020). Comparison of in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of six flavonoids with similar structures. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080732"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00816K","article-title":"Epicatechin influences primary hemostasis, coagulation and fibrinolysis","volume":"10","author":"Sinegre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinegre, T., Milenkovic, D., Bourgne, C., Teissandier, D., Nasri, Y., Dannus, L.T., Morand, C., and Lebreton, A. (2020). Impact of epicatechin on the procoagulant activities of microparticles. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102935"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-017-3614-4","article-title":"Modes of hypotensive action of dihydroquercetin in arterial hypertension","volume":"162","author":"Plotnikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02974935","article-title":"Diquertin suppresses ADP- and thrombin-induced accumulation of cytoplasmic calcium in human thrombocytes","volume":"33","author":"Kubatiev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.135958","article-title":"Inhibition of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation by alpha-lipoic acid and dihydroquercetin in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Ivanov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.06.007","article-title":"Comparison of quercetin and dihydroquercetin: Antioxidant-independent actions on erythrocyte and platelet membrane","volume":"182","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.05.029","article-title":"The flavanol (\u2212)-epicatechin and its metabolites protect against oxidative stress in primary endothelial cells via a direct antioxidant effect","volume":"715","author":"Ruijters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2004.06.008","article-title":"Experimental evidence that flavonoid metal complexes may act as mimics of superoxide dismutase","volume":"428","author":"Kostyuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2573-0","article-title":"Antioxidant and iron-chelating properties of taxifolin and its condensation product with glyoxylic acid","volume":"54","author":"Shubina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511004314","article-title":"Chronic (\u2212)-epicatechin improves vascular oxidative and inflammatory status but not hypertension in chronic nitric oxide-deficient rats","volume":"106","author":"Romero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02234A","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epicatechin administration protects kidneys against modifications induced by short-term l-NAME treatment in rats","volume":"11","author":"Prince","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3844\/ajptsp.2018.1.6","article-title":"Taxifolin Potently Diminishes Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species in Living Cells Possibly by Scavenging Peroxyl Radicals","volume":"13","author":"Sakuma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.015","article-title":"Epicatechin lowers blood pressure, restores endothelial function, and decreases oxidative stress and endothelin-1 and NADPH oxidase activity in DOCA-salt hypertension","volume":"52","author":"Zarzuelo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.009","article-title":"Dietary (\u2212)-epicatechin mitigates oxidative stress, NO metabolism alterations, and inflammation in renal cortex from fructose-fed rats","volume":"90","author":"Prince","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.027","article-title":"Epicatechin attenuates atherosclerosis and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on diet-induced human-CRP and NF-kB in vivo","volume":"233","author":"Morrison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02230E","article-title":"Dietary (\u2212)-epicatechin affects NF-\u03baB activation and NADPH oxidases in the kidney cortex of high-fructose-fed rats","volume":"10","author":"Prince","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9031-0","article-title":"Taxifolin ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through its anti-oxidative effect and modulation of NF-kB activation","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.01.026","article-title":"Kidney protection effects of dihydroquercetin on diabetic nephropathy through suppressing ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"41","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"1367","article-title":"Protective effect of taxifolin on H2O2-induced H9C2 cell pyroptosis","volume":"42","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/12\/1914\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:00:14Z","timestamp":1760108414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/12\/1914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16121914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16121914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]}}}