{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:12:02Z","timestamp":1760145122247,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Internal Support Research Project, Henan Medical College, the Joint Construction Project of Henan Provincial Medical Science and Technology Tackling Plan","award":["LHGJ20190721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHGJ20190721"]}]},{"name":"Henan Provincial High-level Talents Overseas Training Project, Henan Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["LHGJ20190721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHGJ20190721"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evidence remains inconsistent regarding whether vitamin D deficiency (VDD) increases the risk of prediabetes. This study aimed to examine whether there is sex-specific association between VDD and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in Henan. The data were sourced from the survey of chronic diseases and nutrition in Henan. Multinomial logistic regression models based on complex sampling design and weight were developed to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (95%CI) for measuring the association between VDD and IFG\/IGT. The prevalence rate of IGT in men was 20.1% in the VDD group, significantly higher than that in the non-VDD group (10.5%), but no significant difference was observed in women between the VDD and non-VDD groups; there were no significant differences in IFG prevalence between the VDD and non-VDD groups in either men or women. It was found that the association between VDD and IGT was statistically significant in men. The adjusted OR (95%CI) of VDD was 1.99 (1.24\u20133.19) for IGT in men and 14.84 (4.14\u201353.20) for IGT in men having a family history of DM. Thus, men with VDD were more likely to live with IGT than those without VDD, especially for men having a family history of diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16131979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T05:33:28Z","timestamp":1718948008000},"page":"1979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Prediabetes Phenotypes: A Population-Based Study in Henan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Guojie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health School, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou 451191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shixian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chronic Disease Control, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti-TB Institute, Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3076-2650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health School, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou 451191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, and International Diabetes Federation (2006). Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycaemia: Report of a WHO\/IDF Consultation, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43588."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chinese Diabetes Society (2021). Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China (2020 Edition). Chin. J. Diabetes Mellit., 13, 315\u2013409."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"41","article-title":"The Natural Course of Impaired Fasting Glucose","volume":"1324","author":"Szuba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2019.1601455","article-title":"Understanding prediabetes: Definition, prevalence, burden and treatment options for an emerging disease","volume":"35","author":"Rett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5953","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5953","article-title":"Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"355","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, February 06). Global Report on Diabetes. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565257."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-090419-102644","article-title":"Prediabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence","volume":"42","author":"Selvin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.03.040","article-title":"Vitamin D and toll like receptors","volume":"203","author":"Arababadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"75","article-title":"Clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Menopauzalny"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras-Manzano, A., Villalpando, S., Garc\u00eda-D\u00edaz, C., and Flores-Aldana, M. (2019). Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Their Association with Vitamin D Deficiency in Mexican Women of Reproductive Age. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061211"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1","article-title":"The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Holick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.09.017","article-title":"Associations of vitamin D with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"175","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafiq, S., and Jeppesen, P.B. (2018). Is hypovitaminosis D related to incidence of type 2 diabetes and high fasting glucose level in healthy subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010059"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000486083","article-title":"Vitamin D and Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"50","author":"Maddaloni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, P., and Zhang, Y. (2018). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030375"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa594","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: To D or Not to D?","volume":"105","author":"Pittas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142udowski, P., Kos-Kud\u0142a, B., Walczak, M., Fal, A., Zozuli\u0144ska-Zi\u00f3\u0142kiewicz, D., Sieroszewski, P., Peregud-Pogorzelski, J., Lauterbach, R., Targowski, T., and Lewi\u0144ski, A. (2023). Guidelines for Preventing and Treating Vitamin D Deficiency: A 2023 Update in Poland. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030695"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926308","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1926308","article-title":"Vitamin D and Incidence of Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Four-Year Follow-Up Community-Based Study","volume":"2018","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.68.8","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes from a Chinese Cohort Study","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01990-x","article-title":"Vitamin D, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: Bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567824","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.567824","article-title":"Vitamin D and Sex Differences in COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Pagano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupuis, M.L., Pagano, M.T., Pierdominici, M., and Ortona, E. (2021). The role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases: Could sex make the difference?. Biol. Sex. Differ., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-021-00358-3"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3739","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab213","article-title":"Sex-Dependent Association of Vitamin D With Insulin Resistance in Humans","volume":"106","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seong, J.M., Yoon, Y.S., Lee, K.S., Bae, N.Y., Gi, M.Y., and Yoon, H. (2017). Gender difference in relationship between serum ferritin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Korean adults. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177722"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.66.105","article-title":"Sex-Specific Association between Serum Vitamin D Status and Lipid Profiles: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Population","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3499","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3499","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency associated with risk of prediabetes among older adults: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007\u20132012","volume":"38","author":"Pojednic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-9920","article-title":"Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: Implications for care","volume":"30","author":"Nathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13968","article-title":"Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: A roadmap for action in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"1430","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"StataCorp (2021). Stata: Stata Survey Data Reference Manual Release 17, StataCorp LLC. Available online: https:\/\/www.stata.com\/manuals\/svy.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"536","article-title":"Age- and gender-specific associations between low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and type 2 diabetes in the Korean general population: Analysis of 2008-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2016.1221899","article-title":"The association between gender difference with metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome score and serum vitamin D levels in Korean adults","volume":"68","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.64.173","article-title":"Sex-Specific Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 with Insulin Resistance in Chinese Han Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-3002-1","article-title":"Family history of diabetes is associated with higher risk for prediabetes: A multicentre analysis from the German Center for Diabetes Research","volume":"56","author":"Wagner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/13\/1979\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:02:12Z","timestamp":1760108532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/13\/1979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16131979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16131979","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]}}}