{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:41:30Z","timestamp":1792057290771,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intermountain Research and Medical Foundation"},{"name":"Dell Loy Hansen Heart Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Periodic fasting was previously associated with greater longevity and a lower incidence of heart failure (HF) in a pre-pandemic population. In patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), periodic fasting was associated with a lower risk of death or hospitalization. This study evaluated the association between periodic fasting and HF hospitalization and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Methods: Patients enrolled in the INSPIRE registry from February 2013 to March 2020 provided periodic fasting information and were followed into the pandemic (n = 5227). Between March 2020 and February 2023, N = 2373 patients were studied, with n = 601 COVID-positive patients being the primary study population (2836 had no COVID-19 test; 18 were excluded due to fasting &lt;5 years). A Cox regression was used to evaluate HF admissions, MACEs, and other endpoints through March 2023, adjusting for covariables, including time-varying COVID-19 vaccination. Results: In patients positive for COVID-19, periodic fasting was reported by 180 (30.0% of 601), who periodically fasted over 43.1 \u00b1 19.2 years (min: 7, max: 83). HF hospitalization (n = 117, 19.5%) occurred in 13.3% of fasters and 22.1% of non-fasters [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.63, CI = 0.40, 0.99; p = 0.044]. Most HF admissions were exacerbations, with a prior HF diagnosis in 111 (94.9%) patients hospitalized for HF. Fasting was also associated with a lower MACE risk (aHR = 0.64, CI = 0.43, 0.96; p = 0.030). In n = 1772 COVID-negative patients (29.7% fasters), fasting was not associated with HF hospitalization (aHR = 0.82, CI = 0.64, 1.05; p = 0.12). In COVID-positive and negative patients combined, periodic fasting was associated with lower mortality (aHR = 0.60, CI = 0.39, 0.93; p = 0.021). Conclusions: Routine periodic fasting was associated with less HF hospitalization in patients positive for COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T04:53:27Z","timestamp":1719809607000},"page":"2075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Periodic Fasting and Acute Cardiac Events in Patients Evaluated for COVID-19: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Horne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"},{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi T.","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6659-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viet T.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo 84606, UT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"},{"name":"Genetic Epidemiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5744-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tami L.","family":"Bair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-4130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirk U.","family":"Knowlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA"},{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2139558","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558","article-title":"Intermittent fasting and obesity-related health outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials","volume":"4","author":"Patikorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. 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