{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:53:14Z","timestamp":1761061994938,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emptying rate of specific nutrients in enteral formulas is poorly understood, despite the importance of controlling the emptying rate in tube-fed patients. Because of their viscosity, thickened formulas are widely used to avoid gastric reflux and reduce the burden on caregivers. This study examined how thickeners in enteral formulas affected the gastric emptying rates of proteins and carbohydrates. A semi-dynamic gastric model was used to prepare and digest test enteral formulas that contained either no thickeners or agar (0.2%). The amounts of protein and carbohydrates in each emptied aliquot were determined, and the emptying rate was calculated. We found that agar accelerated protein emptying, and an exploratory experiment with agar (0.5%) suggested the possibility of concentration dependence. Additionally, experiments using gellan gum (0.08%), guar gum (0.2%), or carrageenan (0.08%, 0.2%) suggested that protein emptying could vary depending on the thickener type and that carrageenan might slow it. These results could help with the appropriate selection of thickeners added to liquid foods based on the patient\u2019s metabolic profile to manage nutrition, not only for tube-fed patients but also for those with oropharyngeal dysphagia or diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T11:33:53Z","timestamp":1719920033000},"page":"2115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of the Effect of Thickeners in Enteral Formulas on the Gastric Emptying Rate of Proteins and Carbohydrates Using a Semi-Dynamic Gastric Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Motoki","family":"Tsukiashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care & Nutritional Science Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama 252-8583, Kanagawa, Japan"},{"name":"Health Science Research Center, R&D Institute, Morinaga & Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Shimosueyoshi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8504, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3903-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care & Nutritional Science Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama 252-8583, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Iwamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care & Nutritional Science Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama 252-8583, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Sonoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care & Nutritional Science Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama 252-8583, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1752-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Miyaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care & Nutritional Science Institute, R&D Division, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama 252-8583, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doley, J. 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