{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:58:02Z","timestamp":1778907482198,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders","award":["CM23-FKO-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23-FKO-02"]}]},{"name":"Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders","award":["1S20418N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S20418N"]}]},{"name":"KU Leuven","award":["CM23-FKO-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23-FKO-02"]}]},{"name":"KU Leuven","award":["1S20418N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S20418N"]}]},{"name":"FWO-SB fellowship","award":["CM23-FKO-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23-FKO-02"]}]},{"name":"FWO-SB fellowship","award":["1S20418N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S20418N"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Obesity is a multi-organ system disease, which is associated with, e.g., a higher prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and asthma. Little is known regarding the effect of obesity-related parameters (including liver integrity) and the respiratory phenotype after a combination of physical activity and diet. Methods: Thirty-two C57BL\/6 mice were, after 27 weeks of a high fat diet (HFD), randomly assigned to two dietary interventions for three weeks: a HFD or a normal chow diet (NCD). In both dietary groups, half of the animals were subjected to a sub-maximal exercise protocol. Lung function, lung inflammation, liver histology, and metabolic profile were determined. Results: Mice with obesity did not show airway hyperreactivity after methacholine provocation. Sub-maximal exercise with diet (NCD\/E) induced a significant reduction in forced expiratory volume in 0.1 s after methacholine provocation. NCD\/E had significantly more neutrophils and inflammation (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-4, and IL-17F) in bronchoalveolar lavage compared to non-exercising mice on a HFD (HFD\/NE). However, more epithelial injury (serum surfactant protein D and IL-33) was seen in HFD\/NE. Additionally, hepatic steatosis and fibrosis were reduced by combined diet and sub-maximal exercise. Conclusions: Combining sub-maximal exercise with diet induced airway hyperreactivity and pulmonary inflammation, while body weight, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T12:28:48Z","timestamp":1720009728000},"page":"2129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Combined Exercise and Diet Induce Airway Hyperreactivity While Reducing Liver Steatosis in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nora F.","family":"Marain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4943-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Charlotte","family":"Jonckheere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Dilissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Roskams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Imaging & Pathology, Translational Cell & Tissue Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Colemont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique M.","family":"Bullens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Clinical Division of Paediatrics, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lieven J.","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Clinical Division of Respiratory Medicine, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5508-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen A.","family":"Vanoirbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.09.023","article-title":"Effects of physical exercise on myokines expression and brown adipose-like phenotype modulation in rats fed a high-fat diet","volume":"165","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current Asthma Prevalence by Weight Status Among Adults: United States, 2001\u20132014","volume":"239","author":"Akinbami","year":"2016","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.080390","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effect of high weight on asthma","volume":"91","author":"Flaherman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. 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