{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:58:09Z","timestamp":1789617489283,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathological states marked by oxidative stress and systemic inflammation frequently compromise the functional capacity of muscular cells. This progressive decline in muscle mass and tone can significantly hamper the patient\u2019s motor abilities, impeding even the most basic physical tasks. Muscle dysfunction can lead to metabolic disorders and severe muscle wasting, which, in turn, can potentially progress to sarcopenia. The functionality of skeletal muscle is profoundly influenced by factors such as environmental, nutritional, physical, and genetic components. A well-balanced diet, rich in proteins and vitamins, alongside an active lifestyle, plays a crucial role in fortifying tissues and mitigating general weakness and pathological conditions. Vitamin D, exerting antioxidant effects, is essential for skeletal muscle. Epidemiological evidence underscores a global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, which induces oxidative harm, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced adenosine triphosphate production, and impaired muscle function. This review explores the intricate molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D modulates oxidative stress and its consequent effects on muscle function. The aim is to evaluate if vitamin D supplementation in conditions involving oxidative stress and inflammation could prevent decline and promote or maintain muscle function effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1720610081000},"page":"2195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The \u201cSunshine Vitamin\u201d and Its Antioxidant Benefits for Enhancing Muscle Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Russo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Malaguarnera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9728-3542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Stella","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021115-105305","article-title":"Systemic Nutrient and Stress Signaling via Myokines and Myometabolites","volume":"78","author":"Rai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130009","article-title":"Mechanisms modulating skeletal muscle phenotype","volume":"3","author":"Blaauw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.02.007","article-title":"Muscle mass index as a predictor of longevity in older adults","volume":"127","author":"Srikanthan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casabona, A., Valle, M.S., Laudani, L., Crimi, C., Russo, C., Malaguarnera, L., Crimi, N., and Cioni, M. (2021). Is the Power Spectrum of Electromyography Signal a Feasible Tool to Estimate Muscle Fiber Composition in Patients with COPD?. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173815"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"S98","article-title":"Inactivity-induced oxidative stress: A central role in age-related sarcopenia?","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1435-3_29","article-title":"Muscle Atrophy: Present and Future","volume":"1088","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97621-9","article-title":"Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on passive viscoelastic components of the musculoarticular system","volume":"11","author":"Valle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, C., Valle, M.S., Casabona, A., Spicuzza, L., Sambataro, G., and Malaguarnera, L. (2022). Vitamin D Impacts on Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Patients with COPD Promoting Mitochondrial Health. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040898"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patergnani, S., Bouhamida, E., Leo, S., Pinton, P., and Rimessi, A. (2021). Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and \u201cMito-Inflammation\u201d: Actors in the Diseases. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9020216"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20123-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: Implications in health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Sartori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03662-0","article-title":"The connection between the dynamic remodeling of the mitochondrial network and the regulation of muscle mass","volume":"78","author":"Romanello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110355","article-title":"The Vitamin D\/Vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis in muscle atrophy and sarcopenia","volume":"96","author":"Bollen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.22.07879-X","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory role of vitamin D in muscle dysfunctions of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A comprehensive review","volume":"114","author":"Valle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2070693","article-title":"Vitamin D and bone health: Potential mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Laird","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2008.07.002","article-title":"Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function","volume":"29","author":"Ceglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017535728844","article-title":"In situ detection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in human skeletal muscle tissue","volume":"33","author":"Bischoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histochem. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0159","article-title":"1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 stimulates myogenic differentiation by inhibiting cell proliferation and modulating the expression of promyogenic growth factors and myostatin in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells","volume":"152","author":"Garcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30562","article-title":"Adult stem cell niches for tissue homeostasis","volume":"237","author":"Mannino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65067-0","article-title":"Regulation of vitamin D system in skeletal muscle and resident myogenic stem cell during development, maturation, and ageing","volume":"10","author":"Srikuea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.67","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression by reactive oxygen","volume":"39","author":"Dalton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00456-z","article-title":"Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology","volume":"23","author":"Sies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00005.2022","article-title":"The superoxide radical switch in the biology of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite","volume":"102","author":"Piacenza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04107","article-title":"Aging-Oxidative stress, antioxidants and computational modeling","volume":"6","author":"Warraich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Li, M., Chang, M., Liu, R., Qiu, J., Wang, K., Deng, C., Shen, Y., Zhu, J., and Wang, W. (2022). Inflammation: Roles in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091686"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, B., Jara-Guti\u00e9rrez, C., Paz-Araos, M., V\u00e1zquez, M.C., D\u00edaz, P., and Murgas, P. (2022). The Relationship between Reactive Oxygen Species and the cGAS\/STING Signaling Pathway in the Inflammaging Process. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315182"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1490","article-title":"Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species","volume":"78","author":"Grivennikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049478","article-title":"Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"552","author":"Turrens","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21599","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition","volume":"40","author":"Cinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2019.03.001","article-title":"Structure and mechanisms of ROS generation by NADPH oxidases","volume":"59","author":"Magnani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.10.048","article-title":"Superoxide dismutases: Ancient enzymes and new insights","volume":"586","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/3.1.79","article-title":"Extracellular glutathione suppresses human lung fibroblast proliferation","volume":"3","author":"Cantin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60740-3","article-title":"NF-IL6 and NF-kB in cytokine gene regulation","volume":"65","author":"Akira","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6680","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209954","article-title":"Introduction to NF-kappa B: Players, paths, perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Gilmore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27891","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.39.27891","article-title":"Distinct roles of thioredoxin in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. A two-step redox regulation mechanism of NF-kappaB transcription factor","volume":"274","author":"Hirota","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1975TR","article-title":"Cellular Senescence as a Mechanism and Target in Chronic Lung Diseases","volume":"200","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambini, J., and Stromsnes, K. (2022). Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040753"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.05.031","article-title":"Metabolism and activity of vitamin D in the parathyroid gland","volume":"347","author":"Friedlander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2014.11.002","article-title":"Role of Mitofusin-2 in mitochondrial localization and calcium uptake in skeletal muscle","volume":"57","author":"Ainbinder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Gu, Y., Huang, J., Wu, H., Meng, G., Zhang, Q., Liu, L., Zhang, S., Wang, X., and Zhang, J. (2022). Serum vitamin D status and circulating irisin levels in older adults with sarcopenia. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1051870"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2003","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue: Function and physiological significance","volume":"84","author":"Cannon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2020-0005","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1-mediated regulation of mitochondrial function and physiological implications","volume":"45","author":"Halling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01672-12","article-title":"The protein level of PGC-1\u03b1, a key metabolic regulator, is controlled by NADH-NQO1","volume":"33","author":"Adamovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korta, P., Poche\u0107, E., and Mazur-Bia\u0142y, A. (2019). Irisin as a Multifunctional Protein: Implications for Health and Certain Diseases. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080485"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.01.012","article-title":"A glance at the therapeutic potential of irisin against diseases involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis: An introductory review","volume":"129","author":"Askari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.199","article-title":"Irisin improves fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization in type 2 diabetes by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"40","author":"Xin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavenuiter, A.W., Arcidiacono, M.V., Ferrantelli, E., Keuning, E.D., Vila Cuenca, M., Wee, P.M., Beelen, R.H., Vervloet, M.G., and Dusso, A.S. (2015). A novel rat model of vitamin D deficiency: Safe and rapid induction of vitamin D and calcitriol deficiency without hyperparathyroidism. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/604275"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"236","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum and Muscle Irisin Levels, and FNDC5 Expression in Diabetic Rats","volume":"8","author":"Nadimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.03.046","article-title":"High irisin levels are associated with better glycemic control and bone health in children with Type 1 diabetes","volume":"141","author":"Faienza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colaianni, G., Oranger, A., Dicarlo, M., Lovero, R., Storlino, G., Pignataro, P., Fontana, A., Di Serio, F., Ingravallo, A., and Caputo, G. (2022). Irisin Serum Levels and Skeletal Muscle Assessment in a Cohort of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Patients. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.886243"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, E. (2019). 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Decreases Tertiary Butyl-Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Increases AMPK\/SIRT1 Activation in C2C12 Muscle Cells. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213903"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.02.006","article-title":"Interdependence of AMPK and SIRT1 for metabolic adaptation to fasting and exercise in skeletal muscle","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wici\u0144ski, M., Adamkiewicz, D., Adamkiewicz, M., \u015aniegocki, M., Podhorecka, M., Szychta, P., and Malinowski, B. (2019). Impact of Vitamin D on Physical Efficiency and Exercise Performance-A Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112826"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2019). Vitamin D Deficiency: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Epigenetics, Gene Regulation, and Aging. Biology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020030"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12976","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D monotherapy on indices of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Prokopidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1927","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2820","article-title":"A randomized study on the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on skeletal muscle morphology and vitamin D receptor concentration in older women","volume":"98","author":"Ceglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0662-7","article-title":"Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals","volume":"20","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.64.229","article-title":"Vitamin D Attenuates FOXO1-Target Atrophy Gene Expression in C2C12 Muscle Cells","volume":"64","author":"Hirose","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0502","article-title":"Deletion of vitamin D receptor gene in mice results in abnormal skeletal muscle development with deregulated expression of myoregulatory transcription factors","volume":"144","author":"Endo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3447","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3447","article-title":"Protective role of vitamin D against oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"37","author":"Valle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2018.10.016","article-title":"Calcium, mitochondria and cell metabolism: A functional triangle in bioenergetics","volume":"1866","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modesti, L., Danese, A., Vitto, V.A.M., Ramaccini, D., Aguiari, G., Gaf\u00e0, R., Lanza, G., Giorgi, C., and Pinton, P. (2021). Mitochondrial Ca2+ Signaling in Health, Disease and Therapy. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061317"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25388","article-title":"Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 on C2C12 Myoblast Proliferation, Differentiation, and Myotube Hypertrophy","volume":"231","author":"Bravenboer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latham, C.M., Brightwell, C.R., Keeble, A.R., Munson, B.D., Thomas, N.T., Zagzoog, A.M., Fry, C.S., and Fry, J.L. (2021). Vitamin D Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Mitochondrial Health. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.660498"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.05.012","article-title":"Vitamin D treatment protects against and reverses oxidative stress induced muscle proteolysis","volume":"152","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.684399","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Regulates Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Dynamics in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells","volume":"291","author":"Ryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seldeen, K.L., Berman, R.N., Pang, M., Lasky, G., Weiss, C., MacDonald, B.A., Thiyagarajan, R., Redae, Y., and Troen, B.R. (2020). Vitamin D Insufficiency Reduces Grip Strength, Grip Endurance and Increases Frailty in Aged C57Bl\/6J Mice. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103005"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.13746","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Reduces Tissue Damage and Oxidative Stress Caused by Exhaustive Exercise","volume":"13","author":"Ke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12951","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12951","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D exerts an antiaging role by activation of Nrf2-antioxidant signaling and inactivation of p16\/p53-senescence signaling","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.58452","article-title":"Correlations among Pulmonary DJ-1, VDR and Nrf-2 in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Case-control Study","volume":"18","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01405-0","article-title":"Local expression profiles of vitamin D-related genes in airways of COPD patients","volume":"21","author":"Mathyssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0676-6_16","article-title":"Imaging Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (Drp1)-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission in Living Cells","volume":"2159","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zsurka, G., Peeva, V., Kotlyar, A., and Kunz, W.S. (2018). Is There Still Any Role for Oxidative Stress in Mitochondrial DNA-Dependent Aging?. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9040175"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12914","article-title":"The mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase plays an anti-apoptotic role in cardiomyocytes by regulating mitochondrial fission","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2017.02.009","article-title":"NO control of mitochondrial function in normal and transformed cells","volume":"1858","author":"Tengan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2002.045","article-title":"Nitric oxide and cell signaling pathways in mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis","volume":"383","author":"Boyd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v20.i2.10","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 signaling in macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.09.029","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenesis","volume":"315","author":"Remels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00607.2012","article-title":"Impaired exercise capacity and skeletal muscle function in a mouse model of pulmonary inflammation","volume":"114","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209789058110","article-title":"An update of the oxidation-inflammation theory of aging: The involvement of the immune system in oxi-inflamm-aging","volume":"15","author":"Miquel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160321122900","article-title":"Autophagy in Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Rosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.09.024","article-title":"Suppression of reactive oxygen species and neurodegeneration by the PGC-1 transcriptional coactivators","volume":"127","author":"Drori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300074","article-title":"1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 enhances the stimulating effect of leucine and insulin on protein synthesis rate through Akt\/PKB and mTOR mediated pathways in murine C2C12 skeletal myotubes","volume":"57","author":"Salles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00400-3","article-title":"Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"117","author":"Sandri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RE5","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.2003.172.re5","article-title":"The many forks in FOXO\u2019s road","volume":"2003","author":"Tran","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. STKE"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2729","article-title":"FOXO1 Mediates Vitamin D Deficiency-Induced Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-020-00768-9","article-title":"The ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulation of the skeletal muscle homeostasis and atrophy: From basic science to disorders","volume":"70","author":"Kitajima","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13106","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.008649","article-title":"AMPK and AKT protein kinases hierarchically phosphorylate the N-terminus of the FOXO1 transcription factor, modulating interactions with 14-3-3 proteins","volume":"294","author":"Saline","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-158717","article-title":"The DNA damage repair protein Ku70 interacts with FOXO4 to coordinate a conserved cellular stress response","volume":"24","author":"Brenkman","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12020","article-title":"Review: The role of vitamin D in nervous system health and disease","volume":"39","author":"DeLuca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.03.001","article-title":"Regulatory T cell function correlates with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, but not with 1, 25-dihydroxyvita-min D, parathyroid hormone and calcium levels in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"121","author":"Smolders","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00396-X","article-title":"Cytokine profile in patients with multiple sclerosis following vitamin D supplementation","volume":"134","author":"Mahon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Usategui-Mart\u00edn, R., De Luis-Rom\u00e1n, D.A., Fern\u00e1ndez-G\u00f3mez, J.M., Ruiz-Mambrilla, M., and P\u00e9rez-Castrill\u00f3n, J.L. (2022). Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphisms Modify the Response to Vitamin D Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020360"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/14\/2195\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:12:35Z","timestamp":1760109155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/14\/2195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16142195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16142195","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]}}}