{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:43:53Z","timestamp":1780379033955,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gobierno de Extremadura-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain","award":["GR21079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR21079"]}]},{"name":"Gobierno de Extremadura-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain","award":["IB18011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB18011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions, and even though its effects are well-documented, studying the interactions among all influencing factors is crucial for a better understanding of its physiopathology. In a high-fat-diet-induced obesity animal model using C57BL\/6J mice, behavioural responses were assessed through a battery of tests, while stress biomarkers and systemic inflammatory cytokines were measured using an Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay and a Bio-Plex Multiplex System. The peritoneal macrophage microbicide capacity was analysed via flow cytometry, and crown-like structures (CLSs) in white adipose tissue (WAT) were evaluated through staining techniques. Results indicated that obese mice exhibited increased body weight, hyperglycaemia, and hyperlipidaemia after 18 weeks on a high-fat diet, as well as worse physical conditions, poorer coordination and balance, and anxiety-like behaviour. Differences in corticosterone and noradrenaline concentrations were also found in obese animals, revealing a stress response and noradrenergic dysregulation, along with a weakened innate immune response characterized by a lower microbicide capacity, and the presence of an underlying inflammation evidenced by more CLSs in WAT. Altogether, these findings indicate that obesity deteriorates the entire stress, inflammatory, metabolic, sensorimotor and anxiety-like behavioural axis. This demonstrates that jointly evaluating all these aspects allows for a deeper and better exploration of this disease and its associated comorbidities, emphasizing the need for individualized and context-specific strategies for its management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T15:22:05Z","timestamp":1720624925000},"page":"2209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Immunoneuroendocrine, Stress, Metabolic, and Behavioural Responses in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7046-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunophyisiology Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Immunophysiology Research Group, Physiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4294-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"G\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunophyisiology Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Immunophysiology Research Group, Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Hinchado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunophyisiology Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Immunophysiology Research Group, Physiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6445-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunophyisiology Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Immunophysiology Research Group, Physiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Torres-Piles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunophysiology Research Group, Department of Medical-Surgical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1100-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Francisco-Morcillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy, Cell Biology and Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"de La Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Animal Physiology, Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Mart\u00edn-Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunophyisiology Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Immunophysiology Research Group, Nursing Department, University Center of Plasencia, University of Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7007-7615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunophyisiology Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Immunophysiology Research Group, Physiology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0363-7","article-title":"Use of high-fat diets to study rodent obesity as a model of human obesity","volume":"43","author":"Speakman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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