{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:04:54Z","timestamp":1790305494470,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gilbert syndrome is the most common hyperbilirubinemia, associated with a mutation in the UGT1A1 bilirubin gene, which produces an enzyme that conjugates bilirubin with glucuronic acid. Episodes of jaundice occurring in GS negatively affect patients\u2019 quality of life. This systematic review aimed to analyze clinical studies regarding nutrition in people with GS. The study followed the PRISMA guidelines and utilized the Ebsco, Embase, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to search clinical trials focused on diet\/nutrition in GS (1963\u20132023 years). The methodological quality of selected studies was assessed using the Jadad scale. As a result, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. The research mainly focused on the impact of caloric restriction, consumption of various diet variants, and vegetables and fruits on hyperbilirubinemia and metabolic health. A nutritional intervention consisting of not applying excessive calorie restrictions and consuming fats and biologically active compounds in vegetables and fruits (Cruciferae, Apiaceous, Rutaceae) may prevent the occurrence of jaundice episodes. It is justified to conduct further research on detecting such compounds in food, which, by influencing the expression of the UGT liver enzyme gene, could contribute to regulating bilirubin concentration in the blood of people with GS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T14:04:35Z","timestamp":1720793075000},"page":"2247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nutrition in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome\u2014A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials According to the PRISMA Statement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-3914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Goluch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118\/120, 53-345 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9578-8894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldona","family":"Wierzbicka-Ruci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6416-0458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Ksi\u0105\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering and Quality Analysis, Wroc\u0142aw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118\/120, 53-345 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"593","article-title":"Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome\u2014Clinical and Pharmacological Implications","volume":"3","author":"Radu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1641-0","article-title":"Gilbert Syndrome","volume":"171","author":"Fretzayas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamal, S., Abdelhakam, S., Ghoraba, D., Massoud, Y., Aziz, K.A., Hassan, H., Hafez, T., and Abdel Sallam, A. (2019). The Frequency, Clinical Course, and Health Related Quality of Life in Adults with Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome: A Longitudinal Study. BMC Gastroenterol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-0931-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01650.x","article-title":"Presence of the Genetic Marker for Gilbert Syndrome Is Associated with Increased Level and Duration of Neonatal Jaundice","volume":"91","author":"Deocharan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2018.1428526","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria and Contributors to Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(84)90705-4","article-title":"Influence of Sex and Sex Steroids on Bilirubin Uridine Diphosphate-Glucuronosyltransferase Activity of Rat Liver","volume":"87","author":"Muraca","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01716.x","article-title":"Bilirubin in Clinical Practice: A Review","volume":"28","author":"Fevery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80268-8","article-title":"Association of Human Liver Bilirubin UDP-Glucuronyltransferase Activity with a Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of the UGT1A1 Gene","volume":"33","author":"Raijmakers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18193","article-title":"Molecular Diagnosis of a Familial Nonhemolytic Hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome) in Healthy Subjects","volume":"32","author":"Borlak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.024174","article-title":"Haplotype Structure of the UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) Gene and Its Relationship to Serum Total Bilirubin Concentration in a Male Korean Population","volume":"49","author":"Ki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00306-9","article-title":"Combined Polymorphisms in UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases 1A1 and 1A6: Implications for Patients with Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Peters","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90106-9","article-title":"Decreased Glucuronidation and Increased Bioactivation of Acetaminophen in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Uetrecht","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03190005","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Paracetamol Metabolism in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Esteban","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-70942004000300012","article-title":"Anesthesia in a patient with Gilbert\u2019s syndrome: Case report","volume":"54","author":"Barbosa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2010.07.007","article-title":"Hyperbilirubinemia Syndromes (Gilbert-Meulengracht, Crigler-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson, and Rotor Syndrome)","volume":"24","author":"Strassburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"50","article-title":"Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome\u2014Diagnostic and Therapeutic Standard","volume":"16","author":"Jankowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stand. Med. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-02-0521","article-title":"UGT1A1 Variation and Gallstone Formation in Sickle Cell Disease","volume":"105","author":"Haverfield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(95)00134-4","article-title":"Assessing the Quality of Reports of Randomized Clinical Trials: Is Blinding Necessary?","volume":"17","author":"Jadad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Control Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(99)00026-4","article-title":"Assessing the Quality of Randomized Trials: Reliability of the Jadad Scale","volume":"20","author":"Clark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Control Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20070147","article-title":"Scales to Assess the Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review","volume":"88","author":"Olivo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197007232830403","article-title":"The Reciprocal Relation between Caloric Intake and the Degree of Hyperbilirubinemia in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"283","author":"Felsher","year":"1970","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5880.559","article-title":"Diagnosis of Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome: Role of Reduced Caloric Intake Test","volume":"3","author":"Owens","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-144-37603","article-title":"Effect of Low Caloric Diet on Endogenous Carbon Monoxide Production: Normal Adults and Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Bensinger","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32634-4","article-title":"Caloric Intake and Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia","volume":"69","author":"Felsher","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/29.7.705","article-title":"Effect of Changes in Dietary Components on the Serum Bilirubin in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Felsher","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528209181109","article-title":"Serum Bile Acids in Gilbert \u2019 s Syndrome before and after Keduced Caloric Intake","volume":"7","author":"Briheim","year":"1982","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0660493","article-title":"Effect of an Intraluminal Food-Bulk on Low Calorie Induced Hyperbilirubinaemia","volume":"66","author":"Ricci","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(85)80751-0","article-title":"Comparison of Nicotinic Acid- and Caloric Restriction-Induced Hyperbilirubinaemia in the Diagnosis of Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Gentile","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"171","article-title":"Measurement of Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome during Compulsory Fasting","volume":"12","author":"Bald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Marmara Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e318223460f","article-title":"Bilirubin Dependence on UGT1A1 Polymorphisms, Hemoglobin, Fasting Time and Body Mass Index","volume":"343","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30051","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30051","article-title":"Features of an Altered AMPK Metabolic Pathway in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome, and Its Role in Metabolic Health","volume":"6","author":"Wallner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"238","article-title":"Unusual Early Presentation of Gilbert Syndrome in Pediatric Recipients of Liver Transplantation","volume":"31","author":"Vajro","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.17.5.335","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Composition on the Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia of Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Gollan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.5.1051","article-title":"Cruciferase Interact with the UGT1A1*28 Polymorphism to Determine Serum Bilirubin Levels in Humans","volume":"135","author":"Peterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0178","article-title":"Cruciferous Vegetable Feeding Alters UGT1A1 Activity: Diet- and Genotype-Dependent Changes in Serum Bilirubin in a Controlled Feeding Trial","volume":"2","author":"Navarro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.097279","article-title":"Citrus Fruit Intake Is Associated with Lower Serum Bilirubin Concentration among Women","volume":"139","author":"Saracino","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-010-0346-0","article-title":"Hyperbilirubinemia and Intermittent Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction","volume":"78","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1157-7","article-title":"Influence of Gilbert \u2019 s Syndrome on the Formation of Ethyl Glucuronide","volume":"129","author":"Huppertz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Acad. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goaa057","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery Proves Long-Term Benefit in Patients with Cirrhosis","volume":"9","author":"Izzy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teich, N., Lehmann, I., Rosendahl, J., Tr\u00f6ltzsch, M., M\u00f6ssner, J., and Schiefke, I. (2008). The Inverse Starving Test Is Not a Suitable Provocation Test for Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome. BMC Res. Notes, 1.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-1-35"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"63","article-title":"A Shortened, 2-Hour Rifampin Test: A Useful Tool in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Hallal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2001.tb10985.x","article-title":"Rifampicin Test in the Diagnosis of Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Erdil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kringen, M.K., Piehler, A.P., Grimholt, R.M., Opdal, M.S., Haug, K.B.F., and Urdal, P. (2014). Serum Bilirubin Concentration in Healthy Adult North-Europeans Is Strictly Controlled by the UGT1A1 TARepeat Variants. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090248"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-017-0265-0","article-title":"Clinical UGT1A1 Genetic Analysis in Pediatric Patients: Experience of a Reference Laboratory","volume":"21","author":"Moyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154913","article-title":"Serum Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Increased Lipid Catabolism in Mildly Hyperbilirubinemic Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome Individuals","volume":"125","author":"Hana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.11.022","article-title":"Improved Resistance to Serum Oxidation in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome: A Mechanism for Cardiovascular Protection","volume":"199","author":"Bulmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"914","article-title":"Antioxidant Bilirubin Works in Multiple Ways to Reduce Risk for Obesity and Its Health Complications","volume":"5","author":"DInicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Hear."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2423(06)43001-8","article-title":"The Heme Catabolic Pathway and Its Protective Effects on Oxidative Stress-Mediated Diseases","volume":"Volume 43","author":"Schwertner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Advances in Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00edtek, L. (2012). The Role of Bilirubin in Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Diseases. Front. Pharmacol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00055"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Bilirubin and Atherosclerotic Diseases","volume":"66","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.01.001","article-title":"Gilbert Syndrome, UGT1A1*28 Allele, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Possible Protective Effects and Therapeutic Applications of Bilirubin","volume":"198","author":"Schwertner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12120","article-title":"Haem Catabolism: A Novel Modulator of Inflammation in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Wallner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2012.11.001","article-title":"Bilirubin and beyond: A Review of Lipid Status in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome and Its Relevance to Cardiovascular Disease Protection","volume":"52","author":"Bulmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20140566","article-title":"Looking to the Horizon: The Role of Bilirubin in the Development and Prevention of Age-Related Chronic Diseases","volume":"129","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2017.07.004","article-title":"Total Serum Bilirubin and 8-Year Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study","volume":"44","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G668","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00026.2018","article-title":"Biliverdin Reductase and Bilirubin in Hepatic Disease","volume":"314","author":"Weaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.\u2014Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05114.x","article-title":"Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia Is Inversely Associated with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)","volume":"35","author":"Hjelkrem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.2.303","article-title":"Serum Levels of Micronutrients, Antioxidants and Total Antioxidant Status Predict Risk of Breast Cancer in a Case Control Study","volume":"132","author":"Ching","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27412","article-title":"Association of Serum Bilirubin and Promoter Variations in HMOX1 and UGT1A1 Genes with Sporadic Colorectal Cancer","volume":"131","author":"Pardini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22300","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22300","article-title":"Longer Telomeres in Chronic, Moderate, Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia: Insights from a Human Study on Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Tosevska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z\u00f6hrer, P.A., Hana, C.A., Seyed Khoei, N., M\u00f6lzer, C., H\u00f6rmann-Wallner, M., Tosevska, A., Doberer, D., Marculescu, R., Bulmer, A.C., and Herbold, C.W. (2021). Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome and the Gut Microbiota\u2014Insights From the Case-Control BILIHEALTH Study. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.701109"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.004","article-title":"Gilbert \u2019 s Syndrome Revisited","volume":"79","author":"Tiribelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.12.069","article-title":"\u201cIatrogenic Gilbert Syndrome\u201d\u2014A Strategy for Reducing Vascular and Cancer Risk by Increasing Plasma Unconjugated Bilirubin","volume":"69","author":"McCarty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"35","article-title":"Food Faddism Complicating Jaundice in Gilbert\u2019s Syndrome PatientsA Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"16","author":"Kiranmayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/14\/2247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:16:00Z","timestamp":1760109360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/14\/2247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16142247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16142247","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]}}}