{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:15:31Z","timestamp":1760145331914,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main objective of this study was to explore the dietary behaviors of parents and their adult children, focusing on patterns, potential intrinsic and extrinsic predictors of body mass, and determinants of becoming overweight. Non-probability, cross-sectional sampling was used to select participants from a university student population. Young adults (19\u201321 years of age, n = 144) and their parents were examined. The data of those family pairs with complete sets of results were used. Dietary patterns and physical activity were assessed with questionnaires (QEB and IPAQ), and body height, weight measurements, and body mass indexes were calculated. A cophylogenetic approach with tanglegrams and heatmaps was used to study patterns, while predictors of body mass index were identified using multiple linear regression, stepwise logistic regression, and mediation analysis procedures. Cophenetic statistics confirmed significant incongruence between fathers and sons, confirmed by Baker\u2019s Gamma correlation (rBG = 0.23, p = 0.021), and mothers and daughters (rBG = 0.26, p = 0.030). The relationships between the dietary patterns of the fathers and daughters, as well as mothers and sons, were of medium strength (rBG = 0.33, p = 0.032, rBG = 0.43, p = 0.031; respectively). Most of the patterns were mixed. Fast food, fried meals, alcoholic drinks, energy drinks, and sweetened beverages were associated significantly with being overweight. Significant intrinsic predictors of excessive weight in young adults were sex (b = 2.31, p &lt; 0.001), PA (b = \u22120.02, p &lt; 0.001), and eating fermented milk and curd cheese (b = \u22120.55, p = 0.024), while extrinsic (parental) predictors included eating fast food and fried meals (b = \u22120.44, p = 0.049). Both physical activity and dietary behaviors independently determined the sons\u2019 overweight status (b = \u22121.25, p = 0.008; b = \u22120.04, p &lt; 0.001; respectively); while only PA did in daughters (b = \u22120.04, p &lt; 0.001). No mediating effects of physical activity were observed. Adult children and parental dietary patterns were divergent, reflecting the influence of multiple factors on a child\u2019s dietary habits. However, this divergence is moderated by sex. Reciprocal interactions between dietary intake\u2014particularly positive dyads such as fruits and vegetables, fermented milk, and curd cheese\u2014and physical activity significantly impacted children\u2019s body mass index (BMI). The study of dietary patterns in conjunction with physical activity (both as independent determinants), particularly in relation to the link between overweight\/obese children and overweight\/obese parents, presents a separate challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T08:35:17Z","timestamp":1721032517000},"page":"2256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex-Moderated Divergence between Adult Child and Parental Dietary Behavior Patterns in Relation to Body Mass Condition\u2014Evaluating the Mediating Role of Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-3033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Domaradzki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata Renata","family":"S\u0142owi\u0144ska-Lisowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Foundations of Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128_9 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","author":"Abdeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, May 18). Youth and Health Risks. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gb\/ebwha\/pdf_files\/WHA64\/A64_R28-en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.222","article-title":"Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: Systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Reilly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davison, B., Saeedi, P., Black, K., Harrex, H., Haszard, J., Meredith-Jones, K., Quigg, R., Skeaff, S., Stoner, L., and Wong, J.E. (2017). The Association between Parent Diet Quality and Child Dietary Patterns in Nine- to Eleven-Year-Old Children from Dunedin, New Zealand. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050483"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.08.005","article-title":"Tracking of obesity-relatedbehaviours from childhood to adulthood: A systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Craigie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-014-0443-z","article-title":"Role of childhood food patterns on adult cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"16","author":"Kaikkonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719448","article-title":"A review of family and social determinants of children\u2019s eating patterns and diet quality","volume":"24","author":"Patrick","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450889246X","article-title":"Genetic and environmental determinants of children\u2019s food preferences","volume":"99","author":"Wardle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002589","article-title":"Family correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Pearson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public. Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12261","article-title":"Relationships between dietary intakes of children and their parents: A cross-sectional, secondary analysis of families participating in the Family Diet Quality Study","volume":"28","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015000695","article-title":"Factors within the family environment such as parents\u2019 dietary habits and fruit and vegetable availability have the greatest influence on fruit and vegetable consumption by Polish children","volume":"18","author":"Wolnicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20190015","article-title":"Relationship between Parental Lifestyle and Dietary Habits of Children: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"30","author":"Tenjin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy057","article-title":"Eating at food outlets and leisure places and \u201con the go\u201d is associated with less-healthy food choices than eating at home and in school in children: Cross-sectional data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Program (2008\u20132014)","volume":"107","author":"Ziauddeen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monge-Rojas, R., Vargas-Quesada, R., and G\u00f3mez, G. (2022). Role of Residence Area on Diet Diversity and Micronutrient Intake Adequacy in Urban and Rural Costa Rican Adolescents. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235093"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, W., Zhao, A., Lan, H., Mao, S., Li, P., Jiang, H., Wang, P., Szeto, I.M.Y., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Dietary Diversity, Micronutrient Adequacy and Bone Status during Pregnancy: A Study in Urban China from 2019 to 2020. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214690"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112039","article-title":"Dietary Diversity and Food Variety Scores and Their Association with Nutrition and Health Status of Indian Children and Adolescents: A Multicenter Study","volume":"111","author":"Vispute","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2016.10.007","article-title":"Do boys eat better than girls in India? Longitudinal evidence on dietary diversity and food consumption disparities among children and adolescents","volume":"25","author":"Aurino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econ. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.7.1779","article-title":"Dietary Variety Increases the Probability of Nutrient Adequacy among Adults","volume":"134","author":"Foote","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.33","article-title":"Design and Results of the Pretest of the IDEFICS Study","volume":"35","author":"Suling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.621","article-title":"Development of overweight in children in relation to parental weight and socio-economic status","volume":"17","author":"Semmler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keane, E., Layte, R., Harrington, J., Kearney, P.M., and Perry, I.J. (2012). Measured parental weight status and familial socio-economic status correlates with childhood overweight and obesity at age 9. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043503"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.198","article-title":"Preventing and treating childhood obesity: Time to target fathers","volume":"36","author":"Freeman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0234-0","article-title":"The creation of a healthy eating motivation score and its association with food choice and physical activity in a cross sectional sample of Irish adults","volume":"12","author":"Naughton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.09.018","article-title":"Physical activity and dietary behavior in US adults and their combined influence on health","volume":"89","author":"Loprinzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0166-8","article-title":"Understanding gender norms, nutrition, and physical activity in adolescent girls: A scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Spencer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.5114\/jhi.2019.91371","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Poland","volume":"5","author":"Harton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Health Inequalities"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domaradzki, J. (2023). Congruence between Physical Activity Patterns and Dietary Patterns Inferred from Analysis of Sex Differences in Lifestyle Behaviors of Late Adolescents from Poland: Cophylogenetic Approach. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030608"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domaradzki, J. (2023). The Discriminant Power of Specific Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors to Distinguish between Lean, Normal and Excessive Fat Groups in Late Adolescents. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051230"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadolowska, L., Kowalkowska, J., Lonnie, M., Czarnocinska, J., Jezewska-Zychowicz, M., and Babicz-Zielinska, E. (2016). Associations between physical activity patterns and dietary patterns in a representative sample of Polish girls aged 13\u201321 years: A cross-sectional study (GEBaHealth Project). BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3367-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1565186","article-title":"Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2016 Update","volume":"36","author":"Harriss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalmaijer, E.S., Nord, C.L., and Astle, D.E. (2022). Statistical power for cluster analysis. BMC Bioinform., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-04675-1"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2023, March 15). Questionnaire of Eating Behaviors (QEB). Available online: http:\/\/www.uwm.edu.pl\/edu\/lidiawadolowska\/pdf\/qeb.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Wadolowska, L., and Krusi\u0144ska, B. (2022, November 15). Procedura Opracowania Danych \u017bywieniowych z Kwestionariusza QEB [In Polish]. Available online: https:\/\/www.uwm.edu.pl\/edu\/lidiawadolowska."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"IPAQ Research Committee (2023, March 15). Guidelines for the Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Available online: https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/ipaq\/download."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2015). Systemy zarz\u0105dzania jako\u015bci\u0105\u2014Wymagania (Standard No. PN-EN ISO 9001: 2015)."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transforming variables to central normality","volume":"110","author":"Raymaekers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allendes Osorio, R., Tripathi, L., and Mizuguchi, K. (2019). CLINE: A web-tool for the comparison of biological dendrogram structures. BMC Bioinf., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-3149-y"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"93","article-title":"Analyse Factorielle de Donnees Mixtes","volume":"4","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Stat. Appliq"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psych."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcps.2012.03.009","article-title":"Commentary on \u201cMediation analysis and categorical variables: The final frontier\u201d by Dawn Iacobucci","volume":"22","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cons. Psych."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Newsom, J.T. (2024, February 15). Mediation Analysis with Logistic Regression. Available online: https:\/\/web.pdx.edu\/~newsomj\/cdaclass\/ho_mediation.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3718","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv428","article-title":"Dendextend: An R package for visualizing, adjusting, and comparing trees of hierarchical clustering","volume":"31","author":"Galili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00169.x","article-title":"Phytools: An R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things)","volume":"3","author":"Revell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i01","article-title":"The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Wickham","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633","article-title":"Ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R","volume":"35","author":"Paradis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Garnier, S., Ross, N., Rudis, R., Camargo, P.A., Sciaini, M., and Scherer, C. (2024, February 15). Viridis(Lite)\u2014Colorblind-Friendly Color Maps for R. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4679423."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Morgan, M. (2024, February 15). BiocManager: Access the Bioconductor Project Package Repository, R Package Version 1.30.19. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=BiocManager."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thioulouse, J., Dray, S., Dufour, A., Siberchicot, A., Jombart, T., and Pavoine, S. (2018). Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data with ade4, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8850-1"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170067","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2017-0067","article-title":"Relationships between physical activity, food choices, gender and BMI in Southern Californian teenagers","volume":"31","author":"Gaylis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adolesc. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Mazur, J. (2015). Health and Health Behaviour of School Children in Poland against the Background of Selected Sociodemographic Conditions, Instytut Matki i Dziecka. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2022.11.010","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behaviors in Polish children and adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Krajewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. P\u00e9diatr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000520","article-title":"Associations between Early Family Meal Environment Quality and Later Well-Being in School-Age Children","volume":"39","author":"Harbec","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogl, L.H., Silventoinen, K., Hebestreit, A., Intemann, T., Williams, G., Michels, N., Moln\u00e1r, D., Page, A.S., Pala, V., and Papoutsou, S. (2017). Familial Resemblance in Dietary Intakes of Children, Adolescents, and Parents: Does Dietary Quality Play a Role?. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080892"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.04.002","article-title":"Maternal and paternal controlling feeding practices with male and female children","volume":"47","author":"Blissett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2005.06.005","article-title":"More controlling child-feeding practices are found among parents of boys with an average body mass index compared with parents of boys with a high body mass index","volume":"105","author":"Brann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104424","article-title":"The moderating role of parent gender on the relationship between restrictive feeding and a child\u2019s self-regulation in eating: Results from mother-only samples may not apply to both parents","volume":"143","author":"Frankel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.12.220","article-title":"Associations between general parenting, restrictive snacking rules, and adolescent\u2019s snack intake. The roles of fathers and mothers and interparental congruence","volume":"87","author":"Gevers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.11.003","article-title":"The Parent Mealtime Action Scale (PMAS). Development and association with children\u2019s diet and weight","volume":"52","author":"Hendy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.08.030","article-title":"Measurement invariance of the Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire-28 among a community of socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers and fathers","volume":"120","author":"Jansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"6773","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children and parents: A cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Arslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rural. Remote Health"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"127","article-title":"Obesity prevalence and associated characteristics in primary school students according to age and gender","volume":"17","author":"Dereli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Curr. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018000290","article-title":"What factors may contribute to sex differences in childhood obesity prevalence in China?","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, May 20). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation (2024, May 20). Global Obesity Observatory, Prevalence of Adult Overweight & Obesity. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldobesity.org\/about\/about-obesity\/prevalence-of-obesity."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Korzycka, M., B\u00f3jko, M., Radiukiewicz, K., Dzielska, A., Oblaci\u0144ska, A., and Fija\u0142kowska, A. (2022). Zdrowie Dzieci w Pandemii COVID-19 [Children\u2019s Health in the COVID-19 Pandemic.], Instytut Matki i Dziecka."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-28","article-title":"Relationships between food consumption and living arrangements among university students in four European countries\u2014A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Stock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.12.008","article-title":"Associations between partnering and parenting transitions and dietary habits in young adults","volume":"117","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013003297","article-title":"Time for change? Food choices in the transition to cohabitation and parenthood","volume":"17","author":"Hartmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myszkowska-Ryciak, J., Harton, A., Lange, E., Laskowski, W., Wawrzyniak, A., Hamulka, J., and Gajewska, D. (2020). Reduced Screen Time is Associated with Healthy Dietary Behaviors but Not Body Weight Status among Polish Adolescents. Report from the Wise Nutrition\u2014Healthy Generation Project. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051323"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-018-0725-0","article-title":"Relationship between screen time and nutrient intake in Japanese children and adolescents: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"23","author":"Tsujiguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jusien\u0117, R., Urbonas, V., Laurinaityt\u0117, I., Rakickien\u0117, L., Breidokien\u0117, R., Kuzminskait\u0117, M., and Praninskien\u0117, R. (2019). Screen Use During Meals Among Young Children: Exploration of Associated Variables. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55100688"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120100146","article-title":"Daily physical activity and screen time, but not other sedentary activities, are associated with measures of obesity during childhood","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12067","article-title":"The Association of Screen Time, Television in the Bedroom, and Obesity Among School-Aged Youth: 2007 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health","volume":"83","author":"Wethington","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.08.016","article-title":"A descriptive epidemiology of screen based media use among youth: A review and critique","volume":"29","author":"Marshall","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Adoles."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottevaere, C., Huybrechts, I., Benser, J., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Cuenca-Garcia, M., Dallongeville, J., Zaccaria, M., Gottrand, F., Kersting, M., and Rey-Lopez, J.P. (2011). Clustering patterns of physical activity, sedentary and dietary behavior among European adolescents: The HELENA study. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-328"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.5114\/hm.2023.127976","article-title":"Can leading a physically active and healthy lifestyle prevent gaining the freshman 15?","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Mov."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5114\/hm.2024.136051","article-title":"Performance enhancing strategies in sailing sports: Beyond training and nutrition","volume":"25","author":"Pagliaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Mov."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/14\/2256\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:16:13Z","timestamp":1760109373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/14\/2256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16142256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16142256","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]]}}}