{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:15:20Z","timestamp":1789132520684,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Doc\u00e8ncia i Recerca M\u00fatua Terrassa","award":["BE0163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE0163"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Doc\u00e8ncia i Recerca M\u00fatua Terrassa","award":["SLT028\/23\/000194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLT028\/23\/000194"]}]},{"name":"Societat Catalana de Digestologia","award":["BE0163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE0163"]}]},{"name":"Societat Catalana de Digestologia","award":["SLT028\/23\/000194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLT028\/23\/000194"]}]},{"name":"Department of Health of Catalonia: Program for the Incorporation of Support Staff into Research Groups","award":["BE0163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE0163"]}]},{"name":"Department of Health of Catalonia: Program for the Incorporation of Support Staff into Research Groups","award":["SLT028\/23\/000194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLT028\/23\/000194"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The differential diagnosis between patients with celiac disease (CD) and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is difficult when a gluten-free diet (GFD) has been initiated before the diagnostic work-up. Isolated increases in TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ and celiac lymphogram (increased TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ plus decreased CD3\u2212) may enable differential diagnosis in this challenging clinical setting. This study evaluated: (1) the accuracy of %TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ and celiac lymphogram for diagnosing CD before and after GFD and for differentiation with NCGS; (2) TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ kinetics at baseline and after starting GFD in both CD and NCGS. Methods: The inclusion criteria were patients with CD (n = 104), NCGS (n = 37), and healthy volunteers (n = 18). An intestinal biopsy for intraepithelial lymphogram by flow cytometry was performed at baseline and after GFD. The optimal cutoff for CD diagnostic accuracy was established by maximizing the Youden index and via logistic regression. Results: %TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ showed better diagnostic accuracy than celiac lymphogram for identifying CD before and after GFD initiation. With a cutoff &gt; 13.31, the accuracy for diagnosing CD in patients under GFD was 0.88 [0.80\u20130.93], whereas the accuracy for diagnosing NCGS (%TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ \u2264 13.31) was 0.84 [0.76\u20130.89]. The percentage of TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ cells showed differential kinetics between CD (baseline 22.7% [IQR, 16.4\u201333.6] vs. after GFD 26.4% [IQR, 17.8\u201336.8]; p = 0.026) and NCGS (baseline 9.4% [IQR, 4.1\u201314.6] vs. after GFD 6.4% [IQR, 3.2\u201311]; p = 0.022). Conclusion: TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ T cell assessment accurately diagnoses CD before and after a GFD. Increased TCR\u03b3\u03b4+ was maintained in the long term after GFD in CD but not in NCGS. Altogether, this suggests the potential usefulness of this marker for the differential diagnosis of these two entities in patients on a GFD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T12:29:43Z","timestamp":1721219383000},"page":"2294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["\u03b3\u03b4+ T-Cells Is a Useful Biomarker for the Differential Diagnosis between Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity in Patients under Gluten Free Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7090-0106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Mart\u00edn-Cardona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Arau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Flow Cytometry, Catlab, 08232 Viladecavalls, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Trist\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carme","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7811-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Gonzalez-Puglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e0lia","family":"Pallar\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Support and Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and Hospital (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Teb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Support and Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and Hospital (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Farrais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de Enfermedades Complejas, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1489-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ba\u00f1ares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Esteve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari M\u00fatua Terrassa, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619844125","article-title":"European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) Guideline for 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