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Vinegar, a fermented acetic acid solution, is emerging as a healthful dietary supplement linked to favorable outcomes for blood glucose management, heart disease risk, and adiposity reduction, and a recent report suggests vinegar may improve symptoms of depression. This randomized controlled study examined the 4-week change in scores for the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in healthy overweight adults ingesting 2.95 g acetic acid (4 tablespoons vinegar) vs. 0.025 g acetic acid (one vinegar pill) daily. A secondary objective explored possible underlying mechanisms using metabolomics analyses. At week 4, mean CES-D scores fell 26% and 5% for VIN and CON participants respectively, a non-significant difference between groups, and mean PHQ-9 scores fell 42% and 18% for VIN and CON participants (p = 0.036). Metabolomics analyses revealed increased nicotinamide concentrations and upregulation of the NAD+ salvage pathway for VIN participants compared to controls, metabolic alterations previously linked to improved mood. Thus, daily vinegar ingestion over four weeks improved self-reported depression symptomology in healthy overweight adults, and enhancements in niacin metabolism may factor into this improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T08:39:12Z","timestamp":1721291952000},"page":"2305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Daily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression and Enhances Niacin Metabolism in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haley","family":"Barrong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Program, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Coven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Program, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Lish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Program, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha N.","family":"Fessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Program, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paniz","family":"Jasbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Precision Engineering and Advanced Research (SPEAR), Theriome Inc., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9540-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol S.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Program, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2020). 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