{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T18:30:11Z","timestamp":1781893811063,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI10\/02658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02658"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI10\/02293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02293"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI13\/00615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/00615"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI14\/01668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01668"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI14\/01798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01798"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI14\/01764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01764"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI17\/01795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01795"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI20\/00564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00564"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI23\/01332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01332"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["RD 06\/0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD 06\/0045"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["27\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2011"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["45\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45\/2011"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["122\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government\u2014Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["2020\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/021"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI10\/02658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02658"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI10\/02293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02293"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI13\/00615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/00615"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI14\/01668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01668"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI14\/01798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01798"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI14\/01764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01764"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI17\/01795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01795"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI20\/00564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00564"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["PI23\/01332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01332"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["RD 06\/0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD 06\/0045"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["27\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2011"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["45\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45\/2011"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["122\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122\/2014"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)","award":["2020\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/021"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI10\/02658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02658"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI10\/02293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02293"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI13\/00615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/00615"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI14\/01668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01668"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI14\/01798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01798"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI14\/01764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01764"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI17\/01795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01795"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI20\/00564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00564"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI23\/01332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01332"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["RD 06\/0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD 06\/0045"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["27\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2011"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["45\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45\/2011"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["122\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122\/2014"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["2020\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/021"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["PI10\/02658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02658"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["PI10\/02293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02293"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["PI13\/00615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/00615"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["PI14\/01668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01668"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["PI14\/01798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01798"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["PI14\/01764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01764"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["PI17\/01795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01795"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["PI20\/00564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00564"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["PI23\/01332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01332"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["RD 06\/0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD 06\/0045"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["27\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2011"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["45\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45\/2011"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["122\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122\/2014"]}]},{"name":"G03\/140","award":["2020\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/021"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["PI10\/02658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02658"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["PI10\/02293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02293"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["PI13\/00615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/00615"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["PI14\/01668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01668"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["PI14\/01798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01798"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["PI14\/01764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01764"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["PI17\/01795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01795"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["PI20\/00564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00564"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["PI23\/01332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01332"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["RD 06\/0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD 06\/0045"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["27\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2011"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["45\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45\/2011"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["122\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Navarra Regional Government","award":["2020\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI10\/02658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02658"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI10\/02293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI13\/00615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/00615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI14\/01668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI14\/01798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI14\/01764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI17\/01795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01795"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI20\/00564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI23\/01332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD 06\/0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD 06\/0045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["27\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["45\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45\/2011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016658","name":"National Plan on Drugs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016658","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["PI10\/02658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02658"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["PI10\/02293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI10\/02293"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["PI13\/00615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/00615"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["PI14\/01668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01668"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["PI14\/01798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01798"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["PI14\/01764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/01764"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["PI17\/01795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01795"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["PI20\/00564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00564"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["PI23\/01332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI23\/01332"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["RD 06\/0045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD 06\/0045"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["27\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["27\/2011"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["45\/2011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["45\/2011"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["122\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122\/2014"]}]},{"name":"University of Navarra","award":["2020\/021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with a higher risk of multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential association between predicted levels of serum 25(OH)D and the risk of new-onset hypertension in a large Mediterranean cohort. A validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire was used as the dietary assessment tool. 25(OH)D serum levels were predicted using a previously validated equation. We performed Cox regression models to analyze the association between predicted serum 25(OH)D and the risk of hypertension, according to quartiles of forecasted vitamin D at baseline, after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. Over a median follow-up of 12.3 years, 2338 new cases of hypertension were identified. The analyses revealed a significant inverse association between predicted serum levels of 25(OH)D at baseline and the risk of hypertension. Individuals in the highest quartile showed a 30% relatively lower risk of hypertension compared to the lowest quartile (hazard ratio (HR): 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60\u20130.80, p-trend &lt; 0.001). The outcomes remained significant after performing sensitivity analyses. The findings suggested that higher levels of forecasted vitamin D are inversely and independently associated with the risk of incident hypertension, implying that vitamin D may offer protective benefits against the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T12:20:38Z","timestamp":1721650838000},"page":"2351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vitamin D and the Risk of Developing Hypertension in the SUN Project: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6961-8149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Valer-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, SALUD Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maira","family":"Bes-Rastrollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition Program, IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Alfredo","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute IMDEA Food, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3917-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Martinez-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition Program, IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Sayon-Orea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition Program, IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Public Health Institute, 31003 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-Ric) (2021). Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: A pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet, 398, 957\u2013980."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313236","article-title":"Hypertension Management in Older and Frail Older Patients","volume":"124","author":"Petrovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.5306","article-title":"Sex Differences in Blood Pressure Trajectories Over the Life Course","volume":"5","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.1080S","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency: A worldwide problem with health consequences","volume":"87","author":"Holick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac234","article-title":"Vitamin D status and prevalence of metabolic syndrome by race and Hispanic origin in US adults: Findings from the 2007\u20132014 NHANES","volume":"116","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valer-Martinez, A., Sayon-Orea, C., Martinez, J.A., Basterra-Gortari, F.J., Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A., and Bes-Rastrollo, M. (2024). Vitamin D and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the SUN project: A prospective cohort study. J. Endocrinol. Invest.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-024-02324-3"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00009","article-title":"Vitamin D and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: A Systematic Review Anastassios","volume":"152","author":"Pittas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charoenngam, N., and Holick, M.F. (2020). Immunologic effects of vitamin D on human health and disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072097"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2007.01.017","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Ethnicity, and Blood Pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"20","author":"Scragg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.11.1159","article-title":"Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the United States","volume":"167","author":"Martins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, N.S., Wehland, M., Wise, P.M., and Grimm, D. (2023). Latest Knowledge on the Role of Vitamin D in Hypertension. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054679"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001220","article-title":"The effect of Vitamin D on renin-angiotensin system activation and blood pressure: A randomized control trial","volume":"35","author":"McMullan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0175","article-title":"Effect of Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study","volume":"2","author":"Scragg","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manson, J.E., Bassuk, S.S., and Buring, J.E. (2020). Principal results of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) and updated meta-analyses of relevant vitamin D trials. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 198.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105522"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.16909","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults","volume":"324","author":"Vellas","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9790-2","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: Meta-analysis of 283,537 participants","volume":"28","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.04.011","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on blood pressure in adults: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Golzarand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15284","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015284","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D3 on blood pressure in people with vitamin D deficiency A system review and me-ta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.0237","article-title":"D-PRESSURE Collaboration: Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and me-ta-analysis incorporating individual patient data","volume":"175","author":"Beveridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E03","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd17.190307","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D on blood pressure and hyper-tension in the general population: An update meta-analysis of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003646","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals with hypovitaminosis D: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Serra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlos, S., De La Fuente-Arrillaga, C., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Razquin, C., Rico-Camp\u00e0, A., Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A., and Ruiz-Canela, M. (2018). Mediterranean diet and health outcomes in the SUN cohort. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040439"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114366","article-title":"Total energy intake: Implications for epidemiologic analyses","volume":"124","author":"Willett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523000946","article-title":"Forecasting levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D based on dietary intake, lifestyle and personal determinants in a sample of Southern Europeans","volume":"130","author":"Barcones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"352","article-title":"Validation of self-reported weight and body mass index of participants from a cohort of college graduates","volume":"3","author":"Alonso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Obes."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.3.512","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire in Spain","volume":"22","author":"Boyle","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009993065","article-title":"Reproducibility of an FFQ validated in Spain","volume":"13","author":"Sampson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509993837","article-title":"Relative validity of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire in an elderly Mediterranean population of Spain","volume":"103","author":"Zazpe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005745","article-title":"Validation of the Spanish version of the physical activity questionnaire used in the Nurses\u2019 Health Study and the Health Professionals\u2019 Follow-up Study","volume":"8","author":"Varo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, A., Beunza, J.J., Delgado-Rodr\u00edguez, M., and Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M.A. (2005). Validation of self reported diagnosis of hypertension in a cohort of university graduates in Spain. BMC Public Health, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-94"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025039","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Survival in a Greek Popu-lation","volume":"26","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrio-Lopez, M., Bes-Rastrollo, M., Beunza, J., Fernandez-Montero, A., Garcia-Lopez, M., and Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A. (2011). Validation of metabolic syndrome using medical records in the SUN cohort. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-867"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00659","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Blacks Clinical Trials","volume":"61","author":"Forman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.087288","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension","volume":"49","author":"Forman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70113-5","article-title":"Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: A mendelian randomisation study","volume":"2","author":"Vimaleswaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab809","article-title":"Non-linear Mendelian randomization analyses support a role for vitamin D defi-ciency in cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theiler-Schwetz, V., Trummer, C., Gr\u00fcbler, M.R., Keppel, M.H., Zittermann, A., Tomaschitz, A., Karras, S.N., M\u00e4rz, W., Pilz, S., and G\u00e4ngler, S. (2022). Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on 24-Hour Blood Pressure in Patients with Low 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071360"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bressendorff, I., Brandi, L., Schou, M., Nygaard, B., Frandsen, N.E., Rasmussen, K., \u00d8dum, L., \u00d8stergaard, O.V., and Hansen, D. (2016). The effect of high dose cholecalciferol on arterial stiffness and peripheral and central blood pressure in healthy humans: A ran-domized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160905"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03466","article-title":"Long-term high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation and blood pressure in healthy adults a randomized controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Scragg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.03.005","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D sup-plementation on body fat accumulation, inflammation, and metabolic risk factors in obese adults with low vitamin D levels\u2014Results from a randomized trial","volume":"24","author":"Wamberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gepner, A.D., Ramamurthy, R., Krueger, D.C., Korcarz, C.E., Binkley, N., and Stein, J.H. (2012). A prospective randomized controlled trial of the effects of Vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease risk. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036617"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.05.037","article-title":"Independent association between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the renin-angiotensin system. The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study","volume":"411","author":"Tomaschitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, M., Birmingham, W.C., Ocampo, M., and Mohajeri, A. (2023). The Role of Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163547"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.011","article-title":"Vitamin D and nifedipine in the treatment of Chinese patients with grades I\u2013II essential hypertension: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"235","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13926","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation versus placebo on essential hypertension in patients with vitamin D deficiency: A double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Sheikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilz, S., M\u00e4rz, W., Cashman, K.D., Kiely, M.E., Whiting, S.J., Holick, M.F., Grant, W.B., Pludowski, P., Hiligsmann, M., and Trummer, C. (2018). Rationale and plan for vitamin D food fortification: A review and guidance paper. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00373"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1607-3","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a public health concern for low middle income countries? A systematic literature review","volume":"58","author":"Cashman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys223","article-title":"Why representativeness should be avoided","volume":"42","author":"Rothman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/14\/2351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:13Z","timestamp":1760109613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/14\/2351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16142351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16142351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]}}}