{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:23:11Z","timestamp":1790914991565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low serum vitamin D levels have been associated with a variety of health conditions which has led the medical community but also the general population to evaluate vitamin D status quite liberally. Nevertheless, there remain questions about the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of such a broad and untargeted approach. This review therefore aims to summarize the current evidence and recommendations on when and how to evaluate vitamin D status in human health and disease. For the general population, most guidelines do not recommend universal screening but suggest a targeted approach in populations at risk. Also, some guidelines do not even recommend evaluating vitamin D status when vitamin D substitution is indicated anyway, such as in children or patients receiving anti-osteoporosis drugs. In those guidelines that recommend the screening of vitamin D status, serum 25(OH)D levels are universally proposed as the preferred screening tool. However, little attention is given to analytical considerations and almost no guidelines discuss the timing and frequency of screening. Finally, there is the known variability in diagnostic thresholds for defining vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. Overall, the existing guidelines on the evaluation of vitamin D status differ broadly in screening strategy and screening implementation, and none of these guidelines discusses alternative screening modes, for instance, the vitamin metabolic ratio. Efforts to harmonize these different guidelines are needed to enhance their efficacy and cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T14:26:50Z","timestamp":1721744810000},"page":"2388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["When and How to Evaluate Vitamin D Status? A Viewpoint from the Belgian Bone Club"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1584-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Lapauw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Unit for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u00ebl R.","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Department, Imelda Hospital, 2820 Bonheiden, Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Rozenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU St Pierre, Brussels & Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Body","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, CHU Brugmann, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1020 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4269-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Bruy\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Ageing, Research Unit in Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8985-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelien","family":"Gielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Geriatrics & Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Goemaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Unit for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Iconaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, CHU Brugmann, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1020 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Cavalier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Li\u00e8ge, CIRM, CHU de Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-022-00961-5","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolites: Analytical Challenges and Clinical Relevance","volume":"112","author":"Alonso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Calcif. 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