{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:19Z","timestamp":1787029219628,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","award":["01-0329\/08\/153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-0329\/08\/153"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebral palsy (CP) results in non-progressive damage to the central nervous system, leading to functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and requiring enteral nutrition via gastrostomy in some patients. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of enteral nutrition on intestinal inflammation expressed by stool calprotectin and intestinal permeability determined by fecal zonulin and IFABP, and to determine whether CP affects these parameters. The study group consisted of 30 children with CP, fed enterally (Cerebral Palsy Enteral Nutrition\u2014CPEN), and two reference groups: 24 children with CP, fed orally with a standard diet (CPC\u2014Cerebral Palsy Controls) and 24 healthy children (HC\u2014healthy controls). The differences between these groups and between the combined CP groups (CPG and CPEN + CPC) and HC were analyzed. Fecal zonulin, calprotectin, and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2 (IFABP2) levels were determined by ELISA. The concentrations of fecal calprotectin and zonulin were significantly higher in the CPEN group than in the CPC group (p = 0.012, p = 0.025). When comparing the CPG (n = 53) with the HC group (n = 24), statistically significant differences were observed for calprotectin (p = 0.000018, higher in the CPG) and IFABP (p = 0.021, higher in HC). Enteral nutrition was associated in our cohort with increased fecal calprotectin and zonulin. Children with cerebral palsy presented with increased fecal calprotectin but not increased intestinal permeability expressed by stool zonulin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T07:54:03Z","timestamp":1722239643000},"page":"2447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Markers of Intestinal Permeability and Inflammation in Enterally Fed Children with Cerebral Palsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-9320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Mickiewicz-G\u00f3ra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Allergology & Paediatric Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-803 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Sznurkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Allergology & Paediatric Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-803 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3430-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Skonieczna-\u017bydecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arleta","family":"Drozd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Borkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Allergology & Paediatric Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-803 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4572-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Zagierski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Allergology & Paediatric Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-803 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Troch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Allergology & Paediatric Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-803 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology, Allergology & Paediatric Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-803 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.12106","article-title":"Current thinking in the health care management of children with cerebral palsy","volume":"210","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. 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