{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T06:23:51Z","timestamp":1791699831567,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current evidence suggests that iron deficiency (ID) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of conditions presenting with restlessness such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS). In clinical practice, ID and iron supplementation are not routinely considered in the diagnostic work-up and\/or as a treatment option in such conditions. Therefore, we conducted a scoping literature review of ID guidelines. Of the 58 guidelines included, only 9 included RLS, and 3 included ADHD. Ferritin was the most frequently cited biomarker, though cutoff values varied between guidelines and depending on additional factors such as age, sex, and comorbidities. Recommendations surrounding measurable iron biomarkers and cutoff values varied between guidelines; moreover, despite capturing the role of inflammation as a concept, most guidelines often did not include recommendations for how to assess this. This lack of harmonization on the interpretation of iron and inflammation biomarkers raises questions about the applicability of current guidelines in clinical practice. Further, the majority of ID guidelines in this review did not include the ID-associated disorders, ADHD and RLS. As ID can be associated with altered movement patterns, a novel consensus is needed for investigating and interpreting iron status in the context of different clinical phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T11:28:54Z","timestamp":1722857334000},"page":"2559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Iron Deficiency and Sleep\/Wake Behaviors: A Scoping Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines\u2014How to Overcome the Current Conundrum?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-2775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scout","family":"McWilliams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"H-Behaviours Research Lab (Previously Sleep\/Wake-Behaviours Research Lab), BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H-Behaviours Research Lab (Previously Sleep\/Wake-Behaviours Research Lab), BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman S.","family":"Ipsiroglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H-Behaviours Research Lab (Previously Sleep\/Wake-Behaviours Research Lab), BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"},{"name":"Divisions of Developmental Pediatrics, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Respirology, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Clemens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7295-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Mark","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1535-5205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara T.","family":"Felt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1849-7196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Manconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Unit, Neurocenter of the Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8629-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Mattman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalia","family":"Silvestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Sleep Medicine Center, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201cGaetano Martino\u201d, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narong","family":"Simakajornboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Center, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4782-6857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, UNC-Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6542-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia","family":"Stockler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H-Behaviours Research Lab (Previously Sleep\/Wake-Behaviours Research Lab), BC Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children\u2019s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0","article-title":"Iron deficiency","volume":"397","author":"Pasricha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01334-4","article-title":"Putative animal models of restless legs syndrome: A systematic review and evaluation of their face and construct validity","volume":"20","author":"Silvani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods, S., Basco, J., and Clemens, S. 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