{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:56:07Z","timestamp":1783421767512,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006419","name":"EuroQol Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["460-RA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["460-RA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had multiple health and behavioral effects in the general population worldwide, including effects on nutritional and lifestyle behavior such as alcohol consumption. This study aimed to determine the frequency of and predictors for change in alcohol consumption two years after onset of the COVID-19 pandemic among participants from the general population of six countries. Methods: Longitudinal study design with 4999 participants (47% male; aged 18\u201375 years) from a general population cohort from six countries: Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (US). Measurements: Three web-based surveys at different time waves: T1 = 22 April\u20131 June 2020; T2 = 2 May\u201329 June 2021 and T3 = 29 April\u201325 June 2022. The surveys included questions on self-reported retrospective alcohol consumption, demographics, health, anxiety and depression symptoms and recent life events. Results: Of 4999 respondents, most (82.3%) reported no change in drinking habits during the pandemic, whereas 12.5% reported drinking less and 5.1% drinking more. Predictive factors for increased alcohol consumption include age 35\u201354 years, male gender, high educational level, moderate-severe depression symptoms, excessive drinking before the COVID-19 pandemic, no change in general health status and job loss. Predictive factors for decreased alcohol consumption were age 18\u201334 years, male gender, having chronic disease(s), moderate-severe depression symptoms, excessive drinking before the pandemic and job loss. Conclusion: The proportion of participants who reported a decrease in alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic was higher compared to those who reported an increase. Excessive drinking before the pandemic, depression symptoms and job loss were predictors for both drinking more and drinking less alcohol during the COVID-19 pandemic with an stronger association for an increase in alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:24:16Z","timestamp":1722957856000},"page":"2591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Frequency and Predictive Factors of Change in Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a Multi-Country Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8773-2786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolien","family":"Verheij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4958-1276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja","family":"Alexandrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica I.","family":"Lubetkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8364-1086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gouke J.","family":"Bonsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EuroQol Research Foundation, 3068 AV Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0424-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John N.","family":"Yfantopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MBA-Health Department of Economics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu F.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1200-9961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie C. E.","family":"Schuit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Board of Directors, University Medical Center Groningen, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Polinder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pleunie P. M.","family":"Rood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2055-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juanita A.","family":"Haagsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC\u2014University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidor, A., and Rzymski, P. (2020). Dietary Choices and Habits during COVID-19 Lockdown: Experience from Poland. 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