{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:31:00Z","timestamp":1790728260632,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>US populations have seen dramatic increases in the prevalence of chronic disease over the past three generations. Rapid increases in type 2 diabetes and obesity have occurred in all the states but have been particularly striking in the Deep South. These increases have contributed to decreases in life expectancy and to painful elevations in health care costs. The causes of worsening population health are complex and incompletely understood. However, there is strong evidence that vulnerability to chronic conditions is determined in early life. Most chronic diseases are developmentally driven. There are specific stressors experienced in early life that influence epigenetic and structural changes during development. These include malnutrition, severe levels of social stress, toxic chemicals, and low oxygen levels. Most US populations have experienced a decrease in the quality of the food they consume as industrial foods have replaced garden-grown foods. Thus, the consumption of too few nutrients before and during pregnancy and during lactation influences the growth of the placenta and fetal organs and their level of resilience when faced with stresses in postnatal life and particularly as adults. Animal studies have shown that the effects of poor nutrition can be passed on to future generations. The most powerful way that the current epidemics of obesity and insulin resistance can be reversed is by providing key nutrients to prospective mothers and those already pregnant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T15:04:24Z","timestamp":1723129464000},"page":"2614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Maternal Malnutrition and Elevated Disease Risk in Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kent L.","family":"Thornburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OHSU Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"},{"name":"Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Valent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OHSU Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousa, A., Naqash, A., and Lim, S. 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