{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:32:14Z","timestamp":1780511534907,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","award":["01-00236\/08\/124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-00236\/08\/124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Impaired nutritional status in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is prevalent. (2) Objective: This study aimed to identify pre-cachexia and malnutrition in SSc patients and to estimate the effectiveness of a high-protein oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in improving their nutritional status. (3) Materials and methods: The SSc population comprised 56 patients and a control group of 49 healthy persons. After a baseline clinical evaluation, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and laboratory tests, SSc patients were divided into well-nourished, pre-cachectic, and malnourished categories. SSc patients with a nutritional disbalance received a high-protein ONS once daily for 3 months. Patients were reassessed at 3 and 12 months after inclusion in the study. (4) Results: SSc patients, in comparison to the control group, had a significantly lower seven-point SGA value [6(0) vs. 7(1), p &lt; 0.001)], lean tissue mass [LTM, 35.1 (10.5) vs. 40.1 (10.10), p = 0.008], and lean tissue index [LTI, 13.5 (3) vs. 14.9 (4), p = 0.009]. Of the 56 SSc patients, 40 (71.4%) were well nourished, 5 (8.9%) had pre-cachexia, and 11 (19.7%) were malnourished. A high-protein ONS in the pre-cachexia group stabilized the SGA value, anthropometric measurements, and BIA after 3 and 12 months. In malnourished patients, it significantly improved the SGA value [5(0) vs. 6(0), p = 0.002], LTI [12.1 (2.1) vs. 12.7 (3.2), p = 0.021] and LTM [31.1 (7.7) vs. 35.1 (9.1), p = 0.021], and that effect remained stable at 12 months. (5) Conclusion: Malnutrition is a common complication of SSc that can be improved with nutritional intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T09:48:54Z","timestamp":1723196934000},"page":"2622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High-Protein Nutritional Supplements Improve Nutritional Status in Malnourished Patients with Systemic Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Wojteczek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Dardzi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0186-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Zi\u0119tkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u017baneta","family":"Smole\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenobia","family":"Czuszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5656-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diederik","family":"De Cock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Research Group, Department of Public Health, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8889-697X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Zdrojewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8773-9649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Ma\u0142gorzewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8126-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Chmielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, D\u0119binki 7, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30933-9","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"390","author":"Denton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.123273","article-title":"Nutritional status as marker for disease activity and severity predicting mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Krause","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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