{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:15:14Z","timestamp":1782893714750,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021_EKEA.30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021_EKEA.30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University Clinic Leipzig, A\u00f6R","award":["2021_EKEA.30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021_EKEA.30"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine at the University of Leipzig","award":["2021_EKEA.30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021_EKEA.30"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and aims: Saliva is essential for the proper dilution and distribution of taste molecules on the tongue. It harbors extracellular vesicles (EVs), which mediate cell\u2013cell communication. Changes in the composition of salivary EVs may arise under obese conditions and may potentially be involved in taste sensation and dysregulated eating behavior. Therefore, this study addresses the relationship between the size and concentration of salivary EVs and metabolic shifts in obesity or factors of taste sensation. Materials and methods: A total of 119 participants in the Obese Taste Bud (OTB) Study were included, who performed a standardized taste test, underwent taste bud density assessment, and were phenotypically characterized for anthropometrics, blood- and saliva adipokine levels, and various metabolic factors. Utilizing size exclusion chromatography followed by ultrafiltration, EVs were extracted from 2 mL of actively secreted saliva. EVs were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analyses, Western blot, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Finally, group comparisons and bivariate correlation analyses were conducted. Results: Among the total cohort, the median size of salivary EVs was 190.05 nm, and the overall concentration ranged from 1.4 \u00d7 107 to 1.76 \u00d7 109 per mL of saliva. The size range and concentration of EVs per mL are negatively correlated (p = 0.0002, r = \u22120.264). Comparing lean participants (mean rank of 45.98) with those presenting obesity (mean rank of 34.46), a significant difference in the salivary EV content was observed (p = 0.029). Body weight, BMI, arm and calf circumferences, as well as the percentage of body fat were all negatively related to the concentration of EVs in all study participants (all p &lt; 0.05, r &gt; \u22120.2). No associations were found between the EV parameters and taste perception but serum alkaline phosphatase levels were negatively correlated (p = 0.007, r = \u22120.284) and adiponectin serum levels were positively correlated to the EV concentration (p = 0.036, r = 0.208). Conclusion: The current study provides evidence for the relation between salivary EVs and anthropometric as well as metabolic parameters of obesity. This can provide the basis for further research on the cargo of salivary EVs and how they may influence taste sensation, and may elucidate their potential connection to altered eating habits in obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T08:54:08Z","timestamp":1723452848000},"page":"2633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Concentration of Salivary Extracellular Vesicles Is Related to Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3805-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"R\u00f6hrborn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University Hospital Leipzig A\u00f6R, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Kalusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone A.","family":"Fietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8252-1605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Ewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rudolf-Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2778-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Aigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rudolf-Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stumvoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University Hospital Leipzig A\u00f6R, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0290-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Bl\u00fcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University Hospital Leipzig A\u00f6R, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9178-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imke","family":"Schamarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Rohde-Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University Hospital Leipzig A\u00f6R, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.03.005","article-title":"Nucleic acid delivery with extracellular vesicles","volume":"173","author":"Aigner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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