{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:04:00Z","timestamp":1787861040918,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cancer is a growing public health problem and cancer is linked to vitamin D via several mechanisms. Recent umbrella reviews on the extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D did not turn their attention to cancer. Accordingly, an overview of the current state of research is needed. Materials and methods: An umbrella review was conducted to provide an overview of systematic reviews on the association between vitamin D and incidence or mortality of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. Results: Inverse correlations were found between the vitamin D level (measured by circulating 25(OH)D) and mortality for all five types of cancer. For breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer, there are also hints of a lower incidence due to higher 25(OH)D levels. Conclusion: As most reviews include observational studies, conclusions on causality cannot be made. Methodological differences between the included reviews and different study designs in the individual studies lead to methodological problems. Despite these problems, the review shows inverse correlations between 25(OH)D levels and mortality, and mostly inverse correlations between 25(OH)D levels and incidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T09:29:41Z","timestamp":1723714181000},"page":"2720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Umbrella Review on the Relationship between Vitamin D Levels and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Sch\u00f6mann-Finck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management, 66123 Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9254-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Reichrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"University of Washington (2020, November 19). GBD Compare. Viz Hub: Treemap (Causes) Western Europe. Both Sexes, All Ages, 2019, Deaths. Available online: http:\/\/ihmeuw.org\/5atr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.2706","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived with Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"4","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10232","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10232","article-title":"Vitamin D: Giveth to Those Who Needeth","volume":"4","author":"Lips","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03208-3","article-title":"Vitamin D in the older population: A consensus statement","volume":"79","author":"Giustina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chalcraft, J.R., Cardinal, L.M., Wechsler, P.J., Hollis, B.W., Gerow, K.G., Alexander, B.M., Keith, J.F., and Larson-Meyer, D.E. (2020). Vitamin D Synthesis Following a Single Bout of Sun Exposure in Older and Younger Men and Women. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082237"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/9.3.227","article-title":"Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer?","volume":"9","author":"Garland","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.11.020","article-title":"The role of vitamin D and VDR in carcinogenesis: Through epidemiology and basic sciences","volume":"167","author":"Morcillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.07.007","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Signaling and Cancer","volume":"46","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C., and Velleuer, E. (2022). Vitamin D and the risk for cancer: A molecular analysis. Biochem. Pharmacol., 196.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114735"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.009456","article-title":"Vitamins in pancreatic cancer: A review of underlying mechanisms and future applications","volume":"6","author":"Malafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Linseisen, J., Bechthold, A., Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Hintzpeter, B., Leschik-Bonnet, E., Reichrath, J., Stehle, P., Volkert, D., Wolfram, G., and Zittermann, A. (2011). Vitamin D und Pr\u00e4vention Ausgew\u00e4hlter Chronischer Krankheiten, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1007\/s00108-020-00869-y","article-title":"Hype um die Vitamin-D-Substitution: Was bleibt?","volume":"61","year":"2020","journal-title":"Der Internist."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maretzke, F., Bechthold, A., Egert, S., Ernst, J.B., Melo van Lent, D., Pilz, S., Reichrath, J., Stangl, G.I., Stehle, P., and Volkert, D. (2020). Role of Vitamin D in Preventing and Treating Selected Extraskeletal Diseases-An Umbrella Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040969"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rejnmark, L., Bislev, L.S., Cashman, K.D., Eir\u00edksdottir, G., Gaksch, M., Gr\u00fcbler, M., Grimnes, G., Gudnason, V., Lips, P., and Pilz, S. (2017). Non-skeletal health effects of vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review on findings from meta-analyses summarizing trial data. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180512"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30357-1","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal disorders: A systematic review of meta-analyses and randomised trials","volume":"5","author":"Autier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2024, March 07). Zentrum f\u00fcr Krebsregisterdaten; Gesellschaft der Epidemiologischen Krebsregister in Deutschland. Krebs in Deutschland f\u00fcr 2019\/2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.krebsdaten.de\/Krebs\/DE\/Content\/Publikationen\/Krebs_in_Deutschland\/krebs_in_deutschland_2023.pdf?__blob=publicationFile."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biondi-Zoccai, G. (2016). Foreword. Umbrella Reviews: Evidence Synthesis with Overviews of Reviews and Meta-Epidemiologic Studies, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25655-9"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081086","article-title":"Integration of evidence from multiple meta-analyses: A primer on umbrella reviews, treatment networks and multiple treatments meta-analyses","volume":"181","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (2009). Systematic Reviews: CRD\u2019s Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"358","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (2024, February 29). Levels of Evidence (March 2009). Available online: https:\/\/www.cebm.ox.ac.uk\/resources\/levels-of-evidence\/oxford-centre-for-evidence-based-medicine-levels-of-evidence-march-2009."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-009-0593-9","article-title":"Meta-analysis of vitamin D, calcium and the prevention of breast cancer","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Est\u00e9banez, N., G\u00f3mez-Acebo, I., Palazuelos, C., Llorca, J., and Dierssen-Sotos, T. (2018). Vitamin D exposure and Risk of Breast Cancer: A meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27297-1"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.12.085","article-title":"Vitamin D and breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"30","author":"Hossain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1534735417712007","article-title":"Circulating Vitamin D and Overall Survival in Breast Cancer Patients: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.175","article-title":"Vitamin D intake, blood 25(OH)D levels, and breast cancer risk or mortality: A meta-analysis","volume":"110","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4320","article-title":"Review: The impacts of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on cancer patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Meta-analysis of vitamin D sufficiency for improving survival of patients with breast cancer","volume":"34","author":"Mohr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-013-2713-9","article-title":"Blood levels of vitamin D and early stage breast cancer prognosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"141","author":"Rose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12708","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102597","article-title":"Vitamin D intake, blood vitamin D levels, and the risk of breast cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.02.006","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and survival in colorectal and breast cancer patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"50","author":"Maalmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0098","article-title":"Prognostic role of vitamin d status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in cancer patients: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Buttigliero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2174\/187152013804487407","article-title":"Vitamin D and cancer mortality: Systematic review of prospective epidemiological studies","volume":"13","author":"Pilz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0053","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and prognosis among cancer patients: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Toriola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25439","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colorectal adenoma","volume":"128","author":"Gandini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S149325","article-title":"Circulating vitamin D concentration and risk of prostate cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9706-3","article-title":"Associations of circulating and dietary vitamin D with prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Gilbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-014-1706-3","article-title":"Positive association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk: New findings from an updated meta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R294","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0283","article-title":"Circulating vitamin D level and mortality in prostate cancer patients: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20122850","article-title":"Vitamin D status and the risk of pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64395","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18888","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, vitamin D intake, and pancreatic cancer risk or mortality: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekmekcioglu, C., Haluza, D., and Kundi, M. (2017). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Risk for Colorectal Cancer and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14020127"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.11.012","article-title":"Additively protective effects of vitamin D and calcium against colorectal adenoma incidence, malignant transformation and progression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.35.7566","article-title":"Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review of prospective studies","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-1141","article-title":"Meta-analyses of vitamin D intake, 25-hydroxyvitamin D status, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, and colorectal cancer risk","volume":"20","author":"Touvier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maalmi, H., Walter, V., Jansen, L., Boakye, D., Sch\u00f6ttker, B., Hoffmeister, M., and Brenner, H. (2018). Association between Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070896"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.12.010","article-title":"Could vitamin D sufficiency improve the survival of colorectal cancer patients?","volume":"148","author":"Mohr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, G., Xue, M., Zhao, Y., Han, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Li, C., and Xu, J. (2020). Low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with increased colorectal cancer mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Biosci. Rep., 40.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20201008"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.64.432","article-title":"Association of Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels with Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-015-0665-6","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of lung cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8613","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008613","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lung cancer risk and survival: A dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"96","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81040","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18766","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the correlation between vitamin D and lung cancer risk and outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12282","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012282","article-title":"Associations of the risk of lung cancer with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and dietary vitamin D intake: A dose-response PRISMA meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1159\/000374072","article-title":"Vitamin D and lung cancer risk: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2017.05.001","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and prognosis of lung cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00505-6","article-title":"Umbrella reviews: What they are and why we need them","volume":"34","author":"Papatheodorou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biondi-Zoccai, G. (2016). From Qualitative Reviews to Umbrella Reviews. Umbrella Reviews: Evidence Synthesis with Overviews of Reviews and Meta-Epidemiologic Studies, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25655-9"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biondi-Zoccai, G. (2016). Umbrella Reviews: Evidence Synthesis with Overviews of Reviews and Meta-Epidemiologic Studies, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25655-9"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70165-7","article-title":"Vitamin D status and ill health: A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Autier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.12.028","article-title":"Vitamin D: A magic bullet or a myth?","volume":"39","author":"Reijven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7125.140","article-title":"Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"316","author":"Egger","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117324","article-title":"Meta-analysis\/Shmeta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"Shapiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0403","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and prostate cancer risk in a large nested case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Albanes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.15364","article-title":"Effect of interval between serum draw and follow-up period on relative risk of cancer incidence with respect to 25-hydroxyvitamin D level: Implications for meta-analyses and setting vitamin D guidelines","volume":"3","author":"Grant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10420","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10420","article-title":"Vitamin D and Clinical Cancer Outcomes: A Review of Meta-Analyses","volume":"5","author":"Sluyter","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1994.1093","article-title":"Nested case-control studies","volume":"23","author":"Ernster","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1734215","article-title":"Dietary Supplement Use after Cancer Diagnosis in Relation to Total Mortality, Cancer Mortality and Recurrence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"73","author":"Kanellopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000494","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials","volume":"88","author":"Petrou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0774-8809","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"51","author":"Shahvazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29277","article-title":"Dietary supplement use and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies","volume":"136","author":"Winkels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-014-0434-5","article-title":"Vitamin and multiple-vitamin supplement intake and incidence of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01060-8","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on survival in patients with colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"123","author":"Buijs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2022, February 08). Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D; Report Brief November 2010, 2011., Available online: https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/resource\/13050\/Vitamin-D-and-Calcium-2010-Report-Brief.pdf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/16\/2720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:37:12Z","timestamp":1760110632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/16\/16\/2720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu16162720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16162720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]]}}}