{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:58:53Z","timestamp":1790261933383,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["38874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38874"]}]},{"name":"Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation","award":["OPP1127054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-stratified path analyses modeled associations between enteric pathogen reservoirs, transmission pathways and height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) to identify determinants of childhood growth in the Kolkata, India site of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). Models tested direct associations of potential pathogen reservoirs with HAZ at 60-day follow-up in separate moderate and severe diarrhea (MSD) case and control cohorts or indirectly when mediated by enteric infections. In the MSD cohort, rotavirus and typical EPEC (tEPEC) infections among children 0\u201311 months of age and ST-ETEC infections among children 12\u201323 months of age were associated with lower HAZ. Handwashing after defecating and before cooking reduced impaired growth through reductions in rotavirus and tEPEC infections. Water storage increased rotavirus and ST-ETEC infection risks, resulting in increased impaired growth, but was reduced with reported child feces disposal. The GII norovirus variant was inversely associated with HAZ among children 12\u201359 months of age in the control cohort. Reported handwashing before the handling of children reduced GII infections and impaired growth. Boiling water and the disposal of children\u2019s feces mediated by stored water were positively associated with HAZ. The targeting of pathogen-specific reservoirs and transmission pathways may more effectively improve childhood linear growth in South Asian urban communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T04:29:57Z","timestamp":1723782597000},"page":"2733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identification of Enteric Pathogen Reservoirs and Transmission Pathways Associated with Short Childhood Stature in the Kolkata Indian Site of the Global Enteric Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kurt Z.","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Peterplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"The Child Health Research 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